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    Primordial black holes as seeds for high-redshift supermassive black holes in scalar-tensor theories

    Jingxu Wu1,*,†, Daniil Stepanenko2,*,‡, Peter I. Pronin1,*,§, Liangyu Luo3,∥, Chenjia Li1,¶, and Jie Shi1,4,**

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: wuxj@my.msu.ru
    • ‡Contact author: dstepanenko@mi-ras.ru
    • §Contact author: peter_pro_iv@mail.ru
    • ∥Contact author: niu985@sina.com
    • Contact author: li.chengjia23@physics.msu.ru
    • **Contact author: shitcze@my.msu.ru

    Phys. Rev. D 114, 023059 – Published 30 July, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xm6l-8n9z

    Abstract

    The discovery of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at redshifts z≳10 by JWST challenges the standard Eddington-limited growth models. We propose a novel mechanism for the rapid assembly of primordial black hole (PBH) seeds through scalar-induced critical accretion during early universe phase transitions. By solving the generalized relativistic Euler equations with a non-minimal coupling between dark matter and a background scalar field ϕ, we demonstrate that a “scalar fifth force” significantly shifts the sonic point outward. This mechanism yields an accretion enhancement factor ϒ≈(1+β)2, enabling a 10M⊙ seed to reach 106M⊙ by z≈15, far exceeding standard General Relativistic predictions. Furthermore, this rapid mass growth predicts a distinctive spectral redshift in the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB), shifting the peak from the LIGO/Virgo band toward the Einstein Telescope sensitivity window (1–10 Hz).

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