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Accelerated inference on accelerated cosmic expansion: New constraints on axionlike early dark energy with DESI BAO and ACT DR6 CMB lensing

Frank J. Qu1,2,*, Kristen M. Surrao3,†, Boris Bolliet4,2,‡, J. Colin Hill3, Blake D. Sherwin1,2, Hidde T. Jense5, and Adrien La Posta6

  • 1DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
  • 2Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
  • 3Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
  • 4Cavendish Laboratory, Astrophysics Group, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
  • 5School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
  • 6Department of Physics, Denys Wilkinson Building,University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom

  • *Contact author: jq247@cantab.ac.uk
  • †Contact author: k.surrao@columbia.edu
  • ‡Contact author: bb667@cam.ac.uk
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Phys. Rev. D 111, 123507 – Published 6 June, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xhh6-9v62

Abstract

The early dark energy (EDE) extension to Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) has been proposed as a candidate scenario to resolve the “Hubble tension.” We present new constraints on the EDE model by incorporating new data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) survey and cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing measurements from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) sixth data release and Planck NPIPE data. We do not find evidence for EDE. The maximum fractional contribution of EDE to the total energy density is fEDE<0.091 [95% confidence level (CL)] from our baseline combination of Planck CMB, CMB lensing, and DESI BAO. Our strongest constraints on EDE come from the combination of Planck CMB and CMB lensing alone, yielding fEDE<0.070(95%CL). We also explore extensions of ΛCDM beyond the EDE parameters by treating the total neutrino mass as a free parameter, finding ∑mν<0.096  eV(95%CL) and fEDE<0.087(95%CL). For the first time in EDE analyses, we perform Bayesian parameter estimation using neural network emulators of cosmological observables, which are on the order of 100 times faster than full Boltzmann solutions.

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Phys. Rev. D 111, 123507– Published 6 June, 2025
  • Received 10 May 2024
  • Accepted 21 May 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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