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Effect of super-Gaussian pulse shape on pair production in chirped electric field with spatial inhomogeneity

Xiao-Ting Xu1,2, Le-Le Chen1,2, Rong-An Tang1, Xue-Ren Hong1,*, Lie-Juan Li2,†, and Bai-Song Xie3,4,‡

  • *Contact author: hongxr@nwnu.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: ljli@lzjtu.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: bsxie@bnu.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 016014 – Published 14 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xbv6-24hd

Abstract

Pair production in spatially inhomogeneous chirped electric fields with super-Gaussian pulse shape is investigated using the Dirac-Heisenberg-Wigner formalism, and the effect of super-Gaussian pulse shapes on the reduced momentum spectrum and the reduced total yield of created particles is mainly concerned. It is found that with the variation of the super-Gaussian envelope exponent, the momentum spectrum exhibits more pronounced oscillations, shifting, and broadening. The total yield of created particles increases monotonically with the increase of the super-Gaussian envelope exponent in the high-frequency fields with small chirp and low-frequency fields with any chirp. Meanwhile, the total yield of created particles under the super-Gaussian pulse electric fields is approximately twice that produced with the conventional Gaussian pulse envelope. These results can provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the form of external field to enhance the vacuum pair-production rate.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 016014– Published 14 July, 2026
  • Received 2 December 2025
  • Accepted 25 June 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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