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Large neutrino asymmetry from forbidden decay of dark matter

Debasish Borah*, Nayan Das†, and Indrajit Saha‡

  • *Contact author: dborah@iitg.ac.in
  • †Contact author: nayan.das@iitg.ac.in
  • ‡Contact author: s.indrajit@iitg.ac.in
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 115044 – Published 30 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/x2z2-whhf

Abstract

Dark matter (DM), in spite of being stable or long-lived on cosmological scales, can decay in the early Universe due to finite-temperature effects. In particular, a first order phase transition (FOPT) in the early Universe can provide a finite window for such decay, guaranteeing DM stability at lower temperatures, consistent with observations. The FOPT can lead to the generation of stochastic gravitational waves (GW) with peak frequencies correlated with DM mass. On the other hand, early DM decay into neutrinos can create a large neutrino asymmetry which can have interesting cosmological consequences in terms of enhanced effective relativistic degrees of freedom Neff, providing a solution to the recently observed helium anomaly among others. Allowing DM decay to occur below sphaleron decoupling temperature, thereby avoiding overproduction of baryon asymmetry, forces the FOPT to occur at subelectroweak scale. This leaves the stochastic GW within range of experiments like LISA, μARES, NANOGrav etc.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 115044– Published 30 December, 2025
  • Received 3 May 2025
  • Accepted 17 December 2025
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