Open Access

Directional search for persistent gravitational waves: Results from the first part of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA’s fourth observing run

A. G. Abac ¹, I. Abouelfettouh², F. Acernese^3,4, K. Ackley ⁵, C. Adamcewicz ⁶, S. Adhicary ⁷, D. Adhikari^8,9, N. Adhikari ¹⁰, R. X. Adhikari ¹¹ et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, KAGRA Collaboration)

R. X. Adhikari ¹¹, V. K. Adkins¹², S. Afroz ¹³, A. Agapito¹⁴, D. Agarwal ¹⁵, M. Agathos ¹⁶, N. Aggarwal¹⁷, S. Aggarwal¹⁸, O. D. Aguiar ¹⁹, I.-L. Ahrend²⁰, L. Aiello ^21,22, A. Ain ²³, P. Ajith ²⁴, T. Akutsu ^25,26, S. Albanesi ^27,28, W. Ali^29,30, S. Al-Kershi^8,9, C. Alléné³¹, A. Allocca ^32,4, S. Al-Shammari³³, P. A. Altin ³⁴, S. Alvarez-Lopez ³⁵, W. Amar³¹, O. Amarasinghe³³, A. Amato ^36,37, F. Amicucci ^38,39, C. Amra⁴⁰, A. Ananyeva¹¹, S. B. Anderson ¹¹, W. G. Anderson ¹¹, M. Andia ⁴¹, M. Ando⁴², M. Andrés-Carcasona ⁴³, T. Andrić ^44,45,8,9, J. Anglin⁴⁶, S. Ansoldi ^47,48, J. M. Antelis ⁴⁹, S. Antier ⁴¹, M. Aoumi⁵⁰, E. Z. Appavuravther^51,52, S. Appert¹¹, S. K. Apple ⁵³, K. Arai ¹¹, A. Araya ⁴², M. C. Araya ¹¹, M. Arca Sedda ^44,45, J. S. Areeda ⁵⁴, N. Aritomi², F. Armato ^29,30, S. Armstrong ⁵⁵, N. Arnaud ⁵⁶, M. Arogeti ⁵⁷, S. M. Aronson ¹², G. Ashton ⁵⁸, Y. Aso ^25,59, L. Asprea²⁸, M. Assiduo^60,61, S. Assis de Souza Melo⁶², S. M. Aston⁶³, P. Astone ³⁸, F. Attadio ^39,38, F. Aubin ⁶⁴, K. AultONeal ⁶⁵, G. Avallone ⁶⁶, E. A. Avila ⁴⁹, S. Babak ²⁰, C. Badger⁶⁷, S. Bae ⁶⁸, S. Bagnasco ²⁸, L. Baiotti ⁶⁹, R. Bajpai ⁷⁰, T. Baka^71,37, A. M. Baker⁶, K. A. Baker⁷², T. Baker ⁷³, G. Baldi ^74,75, N. Baldicchi ^76,51, M. Ball⁷⁷, G. Ballardin⁶², S. W. Ballmer⁷⁸, S. Banagiri ⁶, B. Banerjee ⁴⁴, D. Bankar ⁷⁹, T. M. Baptiste¹², P. Baral ¹⁰, M. Baratti ^80,81, J. C. Barayoga¹¹, B. C. Barish¹¹, D. Barker², N. Barman⁷⁹, P. Barneo ^82,83,84, F. Barone ^85,4, B. Barr ⁸⁶, L. Barsotti ³⁵, M. Barsuglia ²⁰, D. Barta ⁸⁷, A. M. Bartoletti⁸⁸, M. A. Barton ⁸⁶, I. Bartos⁴⁶, A. Basalaev ^8,9, R. Bassiri ⁸⁹, A. Basti ^81,80, M. Bawaj ^76,51, P. Baxi⁹⁰, J. C. Bayley ⁸⁶, A. C. Baylor ¹⁰, P. A. Baynard, II⁵⁷, M. Bazzan^91,92, V. M. Bedakihale⁹³, F. Beirnaert ⁹⁴, M. Bejger ⁹⁵, D. Belardinelli ²², A. S. Bell ⁸⁶, D. S. Bellie⁹⁶, L. Bellizzi ^80,81, W. Benoit ¹⁸, I. Bentara ⁵⁶, J. D. Bentley ⁹⁷, M. Ben Yaala⁵⁵, S. Bera ^98,99, F. Bergamin ³³, B. K. Berger ⁸⁹, S. Bernuzzi ²⁷, M. Beroiz ¹¹, D. Bersanetti ²⁹, T. Bertheas¹⁰⁰, A. Bertolini^37,36, J. Betzwieser ⁶³, D. Beveridge ⁷², G. Bevilacqua ¹⁰¹, N. Bevins ¹⁰², R. Bhandare¹⁰³, R. Bhatt¹¹, D. Bhattacharjee ^104,105, S. Bhattacharyya¹⁰⁶, S. Bhaumik ⁴⁶, V. Biancalana ¹⁰¹, A. Bianchi^37,107, I. A. Bilenko¹⁰⁸, G. Billingsley ¹¹, A. Binetti ¹⁰⁹, S. Bini ^11,74,75, C. Binu¹¹⁰, S. Biot¹¹¹, O. Birnholtz ¹¹², S. Biscoveanu ⁹⁶, A. Bisht⁹, M. Bitossi ^62,80, M.-A. Bizouard ¹¹³, S. Blaber¹¹⁴, J. K. Blackburn ¹¹, L. A. Blagg⁷⁷, C. D. Blair^72,63, D. G. Blair⁷², N. Bode ^8,9, N. Boettner⁹⁷, G. Boileau ¹¹³, M. Boldrini ³⁸, G. N. Bolingbroke ¹¹⁵, A. Bolliand^116,40, L. D. Bonavena ⁴⁶, R. Bondarescu ⁸², F. Bondu ¹¹⁷, E. Bonilla ⁸⁹, M. S. Bonilla ⁵⁴, A. Bonino¹¹⁸, R. Bonnand ^31,116, A. Borchers^8,9, V. Boschi ⁸⁰, S. Bose¹¹⁹, V. Bossilkov⁶³, Y. Bothra ^37,107, A. Boudon⁵⁶, L. Bourg⁵⁷, M. Boyle¹²⁰, A. Bozzi⁶², C. Bradaschia⁸⁰, P. R. Brady ¹⁰, A. Branch⁶³, M. Branchesi ^44,45, I. Braun¹⁰⁴, T. Briant ¹²¹, A. Brillet¹¹³, M. Brinkmann^8,9, P. Brockill¹⁰, E. Brockmueller ^8,9, A. F. Brooks ¹¹, B. C. Brown⁴⁶, D. D. Brown¹¹⁵, M. L. Brozzetti ^76,51, S. Brunett¹¹, G. Bruno¹⁵, R. Bruntz ¹²², J. Bryant¹¹⁸, Y. Bu¹²³, F. Bucci ⁶¹, J. Buchanan¹²², O. Bulashenko ^82,83, T. Bulik¹²⁴, H. J. Bulten³⁷, A. Buonanno ^125,1, K. Burtnyk², R. Buscicchio ^126,127, D. Buskulic¹²⁸, C. Buy ¹⁰⁰, R. L. Byer⁸⁹, G. S. Cabourn Davies ⁷³, R. Cabrita ¹⁵, V. Cáceres-Barbosa ⁷, L. Cadonati ⁵⁷, G. Cagnoli ¹²⁸, C. Cahillane ⁷⁸, A. Calafat⁹⁸, T. A. Callister¹²⁹, E. Calloni^32,4, S. R. Callos ⁷⁷, G. Caneva Santoro ⁴³, K. C. Cannon ⁴², H. Cao³⁵, L. A. Capistran¹³⁰, E. Capocasa ²⁰, E. Capote ^2,11, G. Capurri ^81,80, G. Carapella^66,131, F. Carbognani⁶², M. Carlassara^8,9, J. B. Carlin ¹²³, T. K. Carlson¹³², M. F. Carney¹⁰⁴, M. Carpinelli ^126,62, G. Carrillo⁷⁷, J. J. Carter ^8,9, G. Carullo ^118,133, A. Casallas-Lagos¹³⁴, J. Casanueva Diaz ⁶², C. Casentini ^135,22, S. Y. Castro-Lucas¹³⁶, S. Caudill¹³², M. Cavaglià ¹⁰⁵, R. Cavalieri ⁶², A. Ceja⁵⁴, G. Cella ⁸⁰, P. Cerdá-Durán ^137,138, E. Cesarini ²², N. Chabbra³⁴, W. Chaibi¹¹³, A. Chakraborty ¹³, P. Chakraborty ^8,9, S. Chakraborty¹⁰³, S. Chalathadka Subrahmanya ⁹⁷, J. C. L. Chan ¹³⁹, M. Chan¹¹⁴, K. Chang¹⁴⁰, S. Chao ^141,140, P. Charlton ¹⁴², E. Chassande-Mottin ²⁰, C. Chatterjee ¹⁴³, Debarati Chatterjee ⁷⁹, Deep Chatterjee ³⁵, M. Chaturvedi¹⁰³, S. Chaty ²⁰, K. Chatziioannou ¹¹, A. Chen ¹⁴⁴, A. H.-Y. Chen¹⁴⁵, D. Chen ¹⁴⁶, H. Chen¹⁴¹, H. Y. Chen ¹⁴⁷, S. Chen¹⁴³, Yanbei Chen¹⁴⁸, Yitian Chen ¹²⁰, H. P. Cheng¹⁴⁹, P. Chessa ^76,51, H. T. Cheung ⁹⁰, S. Y. Cheung⁶, F. Chiadini ^150,131, G. Chiarini^8,9,92, A. Chiba¹⁵¹, A. Chincarini ²⁹, M. L. Chiofalo ^81,80, A. Chiummo ^4,62, C. Chou¹⁴⁵, S. Choudhary ⁷², N. Christensen ^113,152, S. S. Y. Chua ³⁴, G. Ciani ^74,75, P. Ciecielag ⁹⁵, M. Cieślar ¹²⁴, M. Cifaldi ²², B. Cirok¹⁵³, F. Clara², J. A. Clark ^11,57, T. A. Clarke ⁶, P. Clearwater¹⁵⁴, S. Clesse¹¹¹, F. Cleva^113,116, E. Coccia^44,45,43, E. Codazzo ^155,156, P.-F. Cohadon ¹²¹, S. Colace ³⁰, E. Colangeli⁷³, M. Colleoni ⁹⁸, C. G. Collette¹⁵⁷, J. Collins⁶³, S. Colloms ⁸⁶, A. Colombo ^158,127, C. M. Compton², G. Connolly⁷⁷, L. Conti ⁹², T. R. Corbitt ¹², I. Cordero-Carrión ¹⁵⁹, S. Corezzi ^76,51, N. J. Cornish ¹⁶⁰, I. Coronado¹⁶¹, A. Corsi ¹⁶², R. Cottingham⁶³, M. W. Coughlin ¹⁸, A. Couineaux³⁸, P. Couvares ^11,57, D. M. Coward⁷², R. Coyne ¹⁶³, A. Cozzumbo⁴⁴, J. D. E. Creighton ¹⁰, T. D. Creighton¹⁶⁴, P. Cremonese ⁹⁸, S. Crook⁶³, R. Crouch², J. Csizmazia², J. R. Cudell ¹⁶⁵, T. J. Cullen ¹¹, A. Cumming ⁸⁶, E. Cuoco ^166,167, M. Cusinato ¹³⁷, L. V. Da Conceição¹⁶⁸, T. Dal Canton ⁴¹, S. Dal Pra ¹⁶⁹, G. Dálya ¹⁰⁰, B. D’Angelo ²⁹, S. Danilishin ^36,37, S. D’Antonio ³⁸, K. Danzmann^9,8, K. E. Darroch¹²², L. P. Dartez ⁶³, R. Das¹⁰⁶, A. Dasgupta⁹³, V. Dattilo ⁶², A. Daumas²⁰, N. Davari^170,171, I. Dave¹⁰³, A. Davenport¹³⁶, M. Davier⁴¹, T. F. Davies⁷², D. Davis ¹¹, L. Davis⁷², M. C. Davis ¹⁸, P. Davis ^172,173, E. J. Daw ¹⁷⁴, M. Dax ¹, J. De Bolle ⁹⁴, M. Deenadayalan⁷⁹, J. Degallaix ¹⁷⁵, M. De Laurentis ^32,4, F. De Lillo ²³, S. Della Torre ¹²⁷, W. Del Pozzo ^81,80, A. Demagny³¹, F. De Marco ^176,38, G. Demasi^177,61, F. De Matteis ^21,22, N. Demos³⁵, T. Dent ¹⁷⁸, A. Depasse ¹⁵, N. DePergola¹⁰², R. De Pietri ^179,180, R. De Rosa ^32,4, C. De Rossi ⁶², M. Desai ³⁵, R. DeSalvo ¹⁸¹, A. DeSimone¹⁸², R. De Simone^150,131, A. Dhani ¹, R. Diab⁴⁶, M. C. Díaz ¹⁶⁴, M. Di Cesare ^32,4, G. Dideron¹⁸³, T. Dietrich ¹, L. Di Fiore⁴, C. Di Fronzo ⁷², M. Di Giovanni ^176,38, T. Di Girolamo ^32,4, D. Diksha^37,36, J. Ding ^20,184, S. Di Pace ^176,38, I. Di Palma ^176,38, D. Di Piero^185,48, F. Di Renzo ⁵⁶, Divyajyoti³³, A. Dmitriev ¹¹⁸, J. P. Docherty⁸⁶, Z. Doctor ⁹⁶, N. Doerksen ¹⁶⁸, E. Dohmen², A. Doke¹³², A. Domiciano De Souza¹⁸⁶, L. D’Onofrio ³⁸, F. Donovan³⁵, K. L. Dooley ³³, T. Dooney⁷¹, S. Doravari ⁷⁹, O. Dorosh¹⁸⁷, W. J. D. Doyle¹²², M. Drago ^176,38, J. C. Driggers ², L. Dunn ¹²³, U. Dupletsa⁴⁴, P.-A. Duverne ²⁰, D. D’Urso ^170,155, P. Dutta Roy ⁴⁶, H. Duval ¹⁸⁸, S. E. Dwyer², C. Eassa², M. Ebersold ^189,31, T. Eckhardt ⁹⁷, G. Eddolls ⁷⁸, A. Effler ⁶³, J. Eichholz ³⁴, H. Einsle¹¹³, M. Eisenmann²⁵, M. Emma ⁵⁸, K. Endo¹⁵¹, R. Enficiaud ¹, L. Errico ^32,4, R. Espinosa¹⁶⁴, M. Esposito ^4,32, R. C. Essick ¹⁹⁰, H. Estellés ¹, T. Etzel¹¹, M. Evans ³⁵, T. Evstafyeva¹⁸³, B. E. Ewing⁷, J. M. Ezquiaga ¹³⁹, F. Fabrizi ^60,61, V. Fafone ^21,22, S. Fairhurst ³³, A. M. Farah ¹²⁹, B. Farr ⁷⁷, W. M. Farr ^191,192, G. Favaro ⁹¹, M. Favata ¹⁹³, M. Fays ¹⁶⁵, M. Fazio ⁵⁵, J. Feicht¹¹, M. M. Fejer⁸⁹, R. Felicetti ^185,48, E. Fenyvesi ^87,194, J. Fernandes¹⁹⁵, T. Fernandes ^196,137, D. Fernando¹¹⁰, S. Ferraiuolo ^197,176,38, T. A. Ferreira¹², F. Fidecaro ^81,80, P. Figura ⁹⁵, A. Fiori ^80,81, I. Fiori ⁶², M. Fishbach ¹⁹⁰, R. P. Fisher¹²², R. Fittipaldi ^198,131, V. Fiumara ^199,131, R. Flaminio³¹, S. M. Fleischer ²⁰⁰, L. S. Fleming²⁰¹, E. Floden¹⁸, H. Fong¹¹⁴, J. A. Font ^137,138, F. Fontinele-Nunes¹⁸, C. Foo¹, B. Fornal ²⁰², K. Franceschetti¹⁷⁹, F. Frappez³¹, S. Frasca^176,38, F. Frasconi ⁸⁰, J. P. Freed⁶⁵, Z. Frei ²⁰³, A. Freise ^37,107, O. Freitas ^196,137, R. Frey ⁷⁷, W. Frischhertz⁶³, P. Fritschel³⁵, V. V. Frolov⁶³, G. G. Fronzé ²⁸, M. Fuentes-Garcia ¹¹, S. Fujii²⁰⁴, T. Fujimori²⁰⁵, P. Fulda⁴⁶, M. Fyffe⁶³, B. Gadre ⁷¹, J. R. Gair ¹, S. Galaudage ¹⁸⁶, V. Galdi²⁰⁶, R. Gamba⁷, A. Gamboa ¹, S. Gamoji¹⁸¹, D. Ganapathy ²⁰⁷, A. Ganguly ⁷⁹, B. Garaventa ²⁹, J. García-Bellido²⁰⁸, C. García-Quirós ¹⁸⁹, J. W. Gardner ³⁴, K. A. Gardner¹¹⁴, S. Garg⁴², J. Gargiulo ⁶², X. Garrido ⁴¹, A. Garron ⁹⁸, F. Garufi ^32,4, P. A. Garver⁸⁹, C. Gasbarra ^21,22, B. Gateley², F. Gautier ²⁰⁹, V. Gayathri ¹⁰, T. Gayer⁷⁸, G. Gemme ²⁹, A. Gennai ⁸⁰, V. Gennari ¹⁰⁰, J. George¹⁰³, R. George ¹⁴⁷, O. Gerberding ⁹⁷, L. Gergely ¹⁵³, Archisman Ghosh ⁹⁴, Sayantan Ghosh¹⁹⁵, Shaon Ghosh ¹⁹³, Shrobana Ghosh^8,9, Suprovo Ghosh ²¹⁰, Tathagata Ghosh ⁷⁹, J. A. Giaime ^12,63, K. D. Giardina⁶³, D. R. Gibson²⁰¹, C. Gier ⁵⁵, S. Gkaitatzis ^81,80, J. Glanzer ¹¹, F. Glotin ⁴¹, J. Godfrey⁷⁷, R. V. Godley^8,9, P. Godwin ¹¹, A. S. Goettel ³³, E. Goetz ¹¹⁴, J. Golomb¹¹, S. Gomez Lopez ^176,38, B. Goncharov ⁴⁴, G. González ¹², P. Goodarzi ²¹¹, S. Goode⁶, A. W. Goodwin-Jones ¹⁵, M. Gosselin⁶², R. Gouaty ³¹, D. W. Gould³⁴, K. Govorkova³⁵, A. Grado ^76,51, V. Graham ⁸⁶, A. E. Granados ¹⁸, M. Granata ¹⁷⁵, V. Granata ^212,131, S. Gras³⁵, P. Grassia¹¹, J. Graves⁵⁷, C. Gray², R. Gray ⁸⁶, G. Greco⁵¹, A. C. Green ^37,107, L. Green²¹³, S. M. Green⁷³, S. R. Green ²¹⁴, C. Greenberg¹³², A. M. Gretarsson⁶⁵, H. K. Griffin¹⁸, D. Griffith¹¹, H. L. Griggs ⁵⁷, G. Grignani^76,51, C. Grimaud ³¹, H. Grote ³³, S. Grunewald ¹, D. Guerra ¹³⁷, D. Guetta ²¹⁵, G. M. Guidi ^60,61, A. R. Guimaraes¹², H. K. Gulati⁹³, F. Gulminelli ^172,173, H. Guo ¹⁴⁴, W. Guo ⁷², Y. Guo ^37,36, Anuradha Gupta ²¹⁶, I. Gupta ⁷, N. C. Gupta⁹³, S. K. Gupta⁴⁶, V. Gupta ¹⁸, N. Gupte¹, J. Gurs⁹⁷, N. Gutierrez¹⁷⁵, N. Guttman⁶, F. Guzman ¹³⁰, D. Haba²¹⁷, M. Haberland ¹, S. Haino²¹⁸, E. D. Hall ³⁵, E. Z. Hamilton ⁹⁸, G. Hammond ⁸⁶, M. Haney³⁷, J. Hanks², C. Hanna ⁷, M. D. Hannam³³, O. A. Hannuksela ²¹⁹, A. G. Hanselman ¹²⁹, H. Hansen², J. Hanson⁶³, S. Hanumasagar⁵⁷, R. Harada⁴², A. R. Hardison¹⁸², S. Harikumar ¹⁸⁷, K. Haris^37,71, I. Harley-Trochimczyk¹³⁰, T. Harmark ¹³³, J. Harms ^44,45, G. M. Harry ²²⁰, I. W. Harry ⁷³, J. Hart¹⁰⁴, B. Haskell^95,221,222, C. J. Haster ²¹³, K. Haughian ⁸⁶, H. Hayakawa⁵⁰, K. Hayama²²³, M. C. Heintze⁶³, J. Heinze ¹¹⁸, J. Heinzel³⁵, H. Heitmann ¹¹³, F. Hellman ²⁰⁷, A. F. Helmling-Cornell ⁷⁷, G. Hemming ⁶², O. Henderson-Sapir ¹¹⁵, M. Hendry ⁸⁶, I. S. Heng⁸⁶, M. H. Hennig ⁸⁶, C. Henshaw ⁵⁷, M. Heurs ^8,9, A. L. Hewitt ^224,225, J. Heynen¹⁵, J. Heyns³⁵, S. Higginbotham³³, S. Hild^36,37, S. Hill⁸⁶, Y. Himemoto ²²⁶, N. Hirata²⁵, C. Hirose²²⁷, D. Hofman¹⁷⁵, B. E. Hogan⁶⁵, N. A. Holland^37,107, K. Holley-Bockelmann¹⁴⁴, I. J. Hollows ¹⁷⁴, D. E. Holz ¹²⁹, L. Honet¹¹¹, D. J. Horton-Bailey²⁰⁷, J. Hough ⁸⁶, S. Hourihane ¹¹, N. T. Howard¹⁴³, E. J. Howell ⁷², C. G. Hoy ⁷³, C. A. Hrishikesh²¹, P. Hsi³⁵, H.-F. Hsieh ¹⁴¹, H.-Y. Hsieh¹⁴¹, C. Hsiung²²⁸, S.-H. Hsu¹⁴⁵, W.-F. Hsu ¹⁰⁹, Q. Hu ⁸⁶, H. Y. Huang ¹⁴⁰, Y. Huang ⁷, Y. T. Huang⁷⁸, A. D. Huddart²²⁹, B. Hughey⁶⁵, V. Hui ³¹, S. Husa ⁹⁸, R. Huxford⁷, L. Iampieri ^176,38, G. A. Iandolo ³⁶, M. Ianni^22,21, G. Iannone ¹³¹, J. Iascau⁷⁷, K. Ide²³⁰, R. Iden²¹⁷, A. Ierardi^44,45, S. Ikeda¹⁴⁶, H. Imafuku⁴², Y. Inoue¹⁴⁰, G. Iorio ⁹¹, P. Iosif ^185,48, M. H. Iqbal³⁴, J. Irwin ⁸⁶, R. Ishikawa²³⁰, M. Isi ^191,192, K. S. Isleif ²³¹, Y. Itoh ^205,232, M. Iwaya²⁰⁴, B. R. Iyer ²⁴, C. Jacquet¹⁰⁰, P.-E. Jacquet ¹²¹, T. Jacquot⁴¹, S. J. Jadhav²³³, S. P. Jadhav ¹⁵⁴, M. Jain¹³², T. Jain²²⁴, A. L. James ¹¹, K. Jani ¹⁴³, J. Janquart ¹⁵, N. N. Janthalur²³³, S. Jaraba ²³⁴, P. Jaranowski ²³⁵, R. Jaume ⁹⁸, W. Javed³³, A. Jennings², M. Jensen², W. Jia³⁵, J. Jiang ¹⁴⁹, H.-B. Jin ^236,237, G. R. Johns¹²², N. A. Johnson⁴⁶, M. C. Johnston ²¹³, R. Johnston⁸⁶, N. Johny^8,9, D. H. Jones ³⁴, D. I. Jones²¹⁰, R. Jones⁸⁶, H. E. Jose⁷⁷, P. Joshi ⁷, S. K. Joshi⁷⁹, G. Joubert⁵⁶, J. Ju²³⁸, L. Ju ⁷², K. Jung ²³⁹, J. Junker ³⁴, V. Juste¹¹¹, H. B. Kabagoz ^63,35, T. Kajita ²⁴⁰, I. Kaku²⁰⁵, V. Kalogera ⁹⁶, M. Kalomenopoulos ²¹³, M. Kamiizumi ⁵⁰, N. Kanda ^232,205, S. Kandhasamy ⁷⁹, G. Kang ²⁴¹, N. C. Kannachel⁶, J. B. Kanner¹¹, S. A. KantiMahanty¹⁸, S. J. Kapadia ⁷⁹, D. P. Kapasi ⁵⁴, M. Karthikeyan¹³², M. Kasprzack ¹¹, H. Kato¹⁵¹, T. Kato²⁰⁴, E. Katsavounidis³⁵, W. Katzman⁶³, R. Kaushik ¹⁰³, K. Kawabe², R. Kawamoto²⁰⁵, D. Keitel ⁹⁸, L. J. Kemperman ¹¹⁵, J. Kennington ⁷, F. A. Kerkow¹⁸, R. Kesharwani ⁷⁹, J. S. Key ²⁴², R. Khadela^8,9, S. Khadka⁸⁹, S. S. Khadkikar⁷, F. Y. Khalili ¹⁰⁸, F. Khan ^8,9, T. Khanam¹⁶², M. Khursheed¹⁰³, N. M. Khusid ^191,192, W. Kiendrebeogo ^113,243, N. Kijbunchoo ¹¹⁵, C. Kim²⁴⁴, J. C. Kim²⁴⁵, K. Kim ²⁴⁶, M. H. Kim ²³⁸, S. Kim ²⁴⁷, Y.-M. Kim ²⁴⁶, C. Kimball ⁹⁶, K. Kimes⁵⁴, M. Kinnear³³, J. S. Kissel ², S. Klimenko⁴⁶, A. M. Knee ¹¹⁴, E. J. Knox⁷⁷, N. Knust ^8,9, K. Kobayashi²⁰⁴, S. M. Koehlenbeck ⁸⁹, G. Koekoek^37,36, K. Kohri ^248,249, K. Kokeyama ^33,250, S. Koley ^44,165, P. Kolitsidou ¹¹⁸, A. E. Koloniari ²⁵¹, K. Komori ⁴², A. K. H. Kong ¹⁴¹, A. Kontos ²⁵², L. M. Koponen¹¹⁸, M. Korobko ⁹⁷, X. Kou¹⁸, A. Koushik ²³, N. Kouvatsos ⁶⁷, M. Kovalam⁷², T. Koyama¹⁵¹, D. B. Kozak¹¹, S. L. Kranzhoff^36,37, V. Kringel^8,9, N. V. Krishnendu ¹¹⁸, S. Kroker²⁵³, A. Królak ^254,187, K. Kruska^8,9, J. Kubisz ²⁵⁵, G. Kuehn^8,9, S. Kulkarni ²¹⁶, A. Kulur Ramamohan ³⁴, Achal Kumar⁴⁶, Anil Kumar²³³, Praveen Kumar ¹⁷⁸, Prayush Kumar ²⁴, Rahul Kumar², Rakesh Kumar⁹³, J. Kume ^256,257,42, K. Kuns ³⁵, N. Kuntimaddi³³, S. Kuroyanagi ^208,258, S. Kuwahara ⁴², K. Kwak ²³⁹, K. Kwan³⁴, S. Kwon ⁴², G. Lacaille⁸⁶, D. Laghi ^189,100, A. H. Laity¹⁶³, E. Lalande²⁵⁹, M. Lalleman ²³, P. C. Lalremruati²⁶⁰, M. Landry², B. B. Lane³⁵, R. N. Lang ³⁵, J. Lange¹⁴⁷, R. Langgin ²¹³, B. Lantz ⁸⁹, I. La Rosa ⁹⁸, J. Larsen²⁰⁰, A. Lartaux-Vollard ⁴¹, P. D. Lasky ⁶, J. Lawrence ¹⁶⁴, M. Laxen ⁶³, C. Lazarte ¹³⁷, A. Lazzarini ¹¹, C. Lazzaro^156,155, P. Leaci ^176,38, L. Leali¹⁸, Y. K. Lecoeuche ¹¹⁴, H. M. Lee ²⁶¹, H. W. Lee ²⁶², J. Lee⁷⁸, K. Lee ²³⁸, R.-K. Lee ¹⁴¹, R. Lee³⁵, Sungho Lee ²⁴⁶, Sunjae Lee²³⁸, Y. Lee¹⁴⁰, I. N. Legred¹¹, J. Lehmann^8,9, L. Lehner¹⁸³, M. Le Jean ^175,116, A. Lemaître²⁶³, M. Lenti ^61,177, M. Leonardi ^74,75,264, M. Lequime⁴⁰, N. Leroy ⁴¹, M. Lesovsky¹¹, N. Letendre³¹, M. Lethuillier ⁵⁶, Y. Levin⁶, K. Leyde⁷³, A. K. Y. Li¹¹, K. L. Li ²⁶⁵, T. G. F. Li¹⁰⁹, X. Li ¹⁴⁸, Y. Li⁹⁶, Z. Li⁸⁶, A. Lihos¹²², E. T. Lin ¹⁴¹, F. Lin¹⁴⁰, L. C.-C. Lin ²⁶⁵, Y.-C. Lin ¹⁴¹, C. Lindsay²⁰¹, S. D. Linker¹⁸¹, A. Liu ²¹⁹, G. C. Liu ²²⁸, Jian Liu ⁷², F. Llamas Villarreal¹⁶⁴, J. Llobera-Querol ⁹⁸, R. K. L. Lo ¹³⁹, J.-P. Locquet¹⁰⁹, S. C. G. Loggins²⁶⁶, M. R. Loizou¹³², L. T. London⁶⁷, A. Longo ^60,61, D. Lopez ¹⁶⁵, M. Lopez Portilla⁷¹, A. Lorenzo-Medina ¹⁷⁸, V. Loriette⁴¹, M. Lormand⁶³, G. Losurdo ^267,80, E. Lotti¹³², T. P. Lott, IV⁵⁷, J. D. Lough ^8,9, H. A. Loughlin³⁵, C. O. Lousto ¹¹⁰, N. Low¹²³, N. Lu ³⁴, L. Lucchesi ⁸⁰, H. Lück^9,8, D. Lumaca ²², A. P. Lundgren ^268,269, A. W. Lussier ²⁵⁹, R. Macas ⁷³, M. MacInnis³⁵, D. M. Macleod ³³, I. A. O. MacMillan ¹¹, A. Macquet ⁴¹, K. Maeda¹⁵¹, S. Maenaut ¹⁰⁹, S. S. Magare⁷⁹, R. M. Magee ¹¹, E. Maggio ¹, R. Maggiore^37,107, M. Magnozzi ^29,30, M. Mahesh⁹⁷, M. Maini¹⁶³, S. Majhi⁷⁹, E. Majorana^176,38, C. N. Makarem¹¹, D. Malakar ¹⁰⁵, J. A. Malaquias-Reis¹⁹, U. Mali ¹⁹⁰, S. Maliakal¹¹, A. Malik¹⁰³, L. Mallick ^168,190, A.-K. Malz ⁵⁸, N. Man¹¹³, M. Mancarella ⁹⁹, V. Mandic ¹⁸, V. Mangano ^170,155, B. Mannix⁷⁷, G. L. Mansell ⁷⁸, M. Manske ¹⁰, M. Mantovani ⁶², M. Mapelli ^91,92,270, C. Marinelli ¹⁰¹, F. Marion ³¹, A. S. Markosyan⁸⁹, A. Markowitz¹¹, E. Maros¹¹, S. Marsat ¹⁰⁰, F. Martelli ^60,61, I. W. Martin ⁸⁶, R. M. Martin ¹⁹³, B. B. Martinez¹³⁰, D. A. Martinez⁵⁴, M. Martinez^43,271, V. Martinez ¹²⁸, A. Martini^74,75, J. C. Martins ¹⁹, D. V. Martynov¹¹⁸, E. J. Marx³⁵, L. Massaro^36,37, A. Masserot³¹, M. Masso-Reid ⁸⁶, S. Mastrogiovanni ³⁸, T. Matcovich ⁵¹, M. Matiushechkina ^8,9, L. Maurin²⁰⁹, N. Mavalvala ³⁵, N. Maxwell², G. McCarrol⁶³, R. McCarthy², D. E. McClelland ³⁴, S. McCormick⁶³, L. McCuller ¹¹, S. McEachin¹²², C. McElhenny¹²², G. I. McGhee ⁸⁶, K. B. M. McGowan¹⁴³, J. McIver ¹¹⁴, A. McLeod ⁷², I. McMahon ¹⁸⁹, T. McRae³⁴, R. McTeague ⁸⁶, D. Meacher ¹⁰, B. N. Meagher⁷⁸, R. Mechum¹¹⁰, Q. Meijer⁷¹, A. Melatos¹²³, C. S. Menoni ¹³⁶, F. Mera², R. A. Mercer ¹⁰, L. Mereni¹⁷⁵, K. Merfeld¹⁶², E. L. Merilh⁶³, J. R. Mérou ⁹⁸, J. D. Merritt⁷⁷, M. Merzougui¹¹³, C. Messick ¹⁰, B. Mestichelli⁴⁴, M. Meyer-Conde ²⁷², F. Meylahn ^8,9, A. Mhaske⁷⁹, A. Miani ^74,75, H. Miao²⁷³, C. Michel ¹⁷⁵, Y. Michimura ⁴², H. Middleton ¹¹⁸, D. P. Mihaylov ¹⁰⁴, S. J. Miller ¹¹, M. Millhouse ⁵⁷, E. Milotti ^185,48, V. Milotti ⁹¹, Y. Minenkov²², E. M. Minihan⁶⁵, Ll. M. Mir ⁴³, L. Mirasola ^155,156, M. Miravet-Tenés ¹³⁷, C.-A. Miritescu ⁴³, A. Mishra²⁴, C. Mishra ¹⁰⁶, T. Mishra ⁴⁶, A. L. Mitchell^37,107, J. G. Mitchell⁶⁵, S. Mitra ⁷⁹, V. P. Mitrofanov ¹⁰⁸, K. Mitsuhashi²⁵, R. Mittleman³⁵, O. Miyakawa ⁵⁰, S. Miyoki ⁵⁰, A. Miyoko⁶⁵, G. Mo ³⁵, L. Mobilia ^60,61, S. R. P. Mohapatra¹¹, S. R. Mohite ⁷, M. Molina-Ruiz ²⁰⁷, M. Mondin¹⁸¹, M. Montani^60,61, C. J. Moore²²⁴, D. Moraru², A. More ⁷⁹, S. More ⁷⁹, C. Moreno ¹³⁴, E. A. Moreno ³⁵, G. Moreno², A. Moreso Serra⁸², S. Morisaki ^42,204, Y. Moriwaki ¹⁵¹, G. Morras ²⁰⁸, A. Moscatello ⁹¹, M. Mould ³⁵, B. Mours ⁶⁴, C. M. Mow-Lowry ^37,107, L. Muccillo ^177,61, F. Muciaccia ^176,38, D. Mukherjee ¹¹⁸, Samanwaya Mukherjee²⁴, Soma Mukherjee¹⁶⁴, Subroto Mukherjee⁹³, Suvodip Mukherjee ¹³, N. Mukund ³⁵, A. Mullavey⁶³, H. Mullock¹¹⁴, J. Mundi²²⁰, C. L. Mungioli⁷², M. Murakoshi²³⁰, P. G. Murray ⁸⁶, D. Nabari ^74,75, S. L. Nadji^8,9, A. Nagar^28,274, N. Nagarajan ⁸⁶, K. Nakagaki⁵⁰, K. Nakamura ²⁵, H. Nakano ²⁷⁵, M. Nakano¹¹, D. Nanadoumgar-Lacroze ⁴³, D. Nandi¹², V. Napolano⁶², P. Narayan ²¹⁶, I. Nardecchia ²², T. Narikawa²⁰⁴, H. Narola⁷¹, L. Naticchioni ³⁸, R. K. Nayak ²⁶⁰, L. Negri⁷¹, A. Nela⁸⁶, C. Nelle⁷⁷, A. Nelson ¹³⁰, T. J. N. Nelson⁶³, M. Nery^8,9, A. Neunzert ², S. Ng⁵⁴, L. Nguyen Quynh ²⁷⁶, S. A. Nichols¹², A. B. Nielsen ²⁷⁷, Y. Nishino^25,42, A. Nishizawa ²⁷⁸, S. Nissanke^279,37, W. Niu ⁷, F. Nocera⁶², J. Noller²⁸⁰, M. Norman³³, C. North³³, J. Novak ^116,234,281, R. Nowicki ¹⁴³, J. F. Nuño Siles ²⁰⁸, L. K. Nuttall ⁷³, K. Obayashi²³⁰, J. Oberling ², J. O’Dell²²⁹, E. Oelker ³⁵, M. Oertel ^{234,116,282,281}, G. Oganesyan^44,45, T. O’Hanlon⁶³, M. Ohashi ⁵⁰, F. Ohme ^8,9, R. Oliveri ^116,282,281, R. Omer¹⁸, B. O’Neal¹²², M. Onishi¹⁵¹, K. Oohara ²⁸³, B. O’Reilly ⁶³, M. Orselli ^51,76, R. O’Shaughnessy ¹¹⁰, S. O’Shea⁸⁶, S. Oshino ⁵⁰, C. Osthelder¹¹, I. Ota ¹², D. J. Ottaway ¹¹⁵, A. Ouzriat⁵⁶, H. Overmier⁶³, B. J. Owen ²⁸⁴, R. Ozaki²³⁰, A. E. Pace ⁷, R. Pagano ¹², M. A. Page ²⁵, A. Pai ¹⁹⁵, L. Paiella⁴⁴, A. Pal²⁸⁵, S. Pal ²⁶⁰, M. A. Palaia ^80,81, M. Pálfi²⁰³, P. P. Palma^176,21,22, C. Palomba ³⁸, P. Palud ²⁰, H. Pan¹⁴¹, J. Pan⁷², K. C. Pan ¹⁴¹, P. K. Panda²³³, Shiksha Pandey⁷, Swadha Pandey³⁵, P. T. H. Pang^37,71, F. Pannarale ^176,38, K. A. Pannone⁵⁴, B. C. Pant¹⁰³, F. H. Panther⁷², M. Panzeri^60,61, F. Paoletti ⁸⁰, A. Paolone ^38,286, A. Papadopoulos ⁸⁶, E. E. Papalexakis²¹¹, L. Papalini ^80,81, G. Papigkiotis ²⁵¹, A. Paquis⁴¹, A. Parisi ^76,51, B.-J. Park²⁴⁶, J. Park ²⁸⁷, W. Parker ⁶³, G. Pascale^8,9, D. Pascucci ⁹⁴, A. Pasqualetti ⁶², R. Passaquieti ^81,80, L. Passenger⁶, D. Passuello⁸⁰, O. Patane ², A. V. Patel ¹⁴⁰, D. Pathak⁷⁹, A. Patra³³, B. Patricelli ^81,80, B. G. Patterson³³, K. Paul ¹⁰⁶, S. Paul ⁷⁷, E. Payne ¹¹, T. Pearce³³, M. Pedraza¹¹, A. Pele ¹¹, F. E. Peña Arellano ²⁸⁸, X. Peng¹¹⁸, Y. Peng⁵⁷, S. Penn ²⁸⁹, M. D. Penuliar⁵⁴, A. Perego ^74,75, Z. Pereira¹³², C. Périgois ^290,92,91, G. Perna ⁹¹, A. Perreca ^74,75,44, J. Perret ²⁰, S. Perriès ⁵⁶, J. W. Perry^37,107, D. Pesios²⁵¹, S. Peters¹⁶⁵, S. Petracca²⁰⁶, C. Petrillo⁷⁶, H. P. Pfeiffer ¹, H. Pham⁶³, K. A. Pham ¹⁸, K. S. Phukon ¹¹⁸, H. Phurailatpam²¹⁹, M. Piarulli¹⁰⁰, L. Piccari ^176,38, O. J. Piccinni ³⁴, M. Pichot ¹¹³, M. Piendibene ^81,80, F. Piergiovanni ^60,61, L. Pierini ³⁸, G. Pierra ³⁸, V. Pierro ^291,131, M. Pietrzak⁹⁵, M. Pillas ¹⁶⁵, F. Pilo ⁸⁰, L. Pinard ¹⁷⁵, I. M. Pinto ^{291,131,292,32}, M. Pinto ⁶², B. J. Piotrzkowski ¹⁰, M. Pirello², M. D. Pitkin ^224,86, A. Placidi ⁵¹, E. Placidi ^176,38, M. L. Planas ⁹⁸, W. Plastino ^212,22, C. Plunkett ³⁵, R. Poggiani ^81,80, E. Polini³⁵, J. Pomper^80,81, L. Pompili ¹, J. Poon²¹⁹, E. Porcelli³⁷, E. K. Porter²⁰, C. Posnansky ⁷, R. Poulton ⁶², J. Powell ¹⁵⁴, G. S. Prabhu⁷⁹, M. Pracchia ¹⁶⁵, B. K. Pradhan ⁷⁹, T. Pradier ⁶⁴, A. K. Prajapati⁹³, K. Prasai ²⁹³, R. Prasanna²³³, P. Prasia⁷⁹, G. Pratten ¹¹⁸, G. Principe ^185,48, G. A. Prodi ^74,75, P. Prosperi⁸⁰, P. Prosposito^21,22, A. C. Providence⁶⁵, A. Puecher ¹, J. Pullin ¹², P. Puppo³⁸, M. Pürrer ¹⁶³, H. Qi ¹⁶, J. Qin ³⁴, G. Quéméner ^173,116, V. Quetschke¹⁶⁴, P. J. Quinonez⁶⁵, N. Qutob⁵⁷, R. Rading²³¹, I. Rainho¹³⁷, S. Raja¹⁰³, C. Rajan¹⁰³, B. Rajbhandari ¹¹⁰, K. E. Ramirez ⁶³, F. A. Ramis Vidal ⁹⁸, M. Ramos Arevalo ¹⁶⁴, A. Ramos-Buades ^98,37, S. Ranjan ⁵⁷, K. Ransom⁶³, P. Rapagnani ^176,38, B. Ratto⁶⁵, A. Ravichandran¹³², A. Ray ⁹⁶, V. Raymond ³³, M. Razzano ^81,80, J. Read⁵⁴, T. Regimbau³¹, S. Reid⁵⁵, C. Reissel³⁵, D. H. Reitze ¹¹, A. I. Renzini ^126,11, B. Revenu ^294,41, A. Revilla Peña⁸², R. Reyes¹⁸¹, L. Ricca ¹⁵, F. Ricci ^176,38, M. Ricci ^38,176, A. Ricciardone ^81,80, J. Rice⁷⁸, J. W. Richardson ²¹¹, M. L. Richardson¹¹⁵, A. Rijal⁶⁵, K. Riles ⁹⁰, H. K. Riley³³, S. Rinaldi ²⁷⁰, J. Rittmeyer⁹⁷, C. Robertson²²⁹, F. Robinet⁴¹, M. Robinson², A. Rocchi ²², L. Rolland ³¹, J. G. Rollins ¹¹, A. E. Romano ²⁹⁵, R. Romano ^3,4, A. Romero ³¹, I. M. Romero-Shaw²²⁴, J. H. Romie⁶³, S. Ronchini ⁷, T. J. Roocke ¹¹⁵, L. Rosa^4,32, T. J. Rosauer²¹¹, C. A. Rose⁵⁷, D. Rosińska ¹²⁴, M. P. Ross ⁵³, M. Rossello-Sastre ⁹⁸, S. Rowan ⁸⁶, S. K. Roy ^191,192, S. Roy ¹⁵, D. Rozza ^126,127, P. Ruggi⁶², N. Ruhama²³⁹, E. Ruiz Morales ^296,208, K. Ruiz-Rocha¹⁴³, S. Sachdev ⁵⁷, T. Sadecki², P. Saffarieh ^37,107, S. Safi-Harb ¹⁶⁸, M. R. Sah ¹³, S. Saha ¹⁴¹, T. Sainrat ⁶⁴, S. Sajith Menon ^215,176,38, K. Sakai²⁹⁷, Y. Sakai ²⁷², M. Sakellariadou ⁶⁷, S. Sakon ⁷, O. S. Salafia ^158,127,126, F. Salces-Carcoba ¹¹, L. Salconi⁶², M. Saleem ¹⁴⁷, F. Salemi ^176,38, M. Sallé ³⁷, S. U. Salunkhe⁷⁹, S. Salvador ^173,172, A. Salvarese¹⁴⁷, A. Samajdar ^71,37, A. Sanchez², E. J. Sanchez¹¹, L. E. Sanchez¹¹, N. Sanchis-Gual ¹³⁷, J. R. Sanders¹⁸², E. M. Sänger ¹, F. Santoliquido ^44,45, F. Sarandrea²⁸, T. R. Saravanan⁷⁹, N. Sarin⁶, P. Sarkar^8,9, A. Sasli ²⁵¹, P. Sassi ^51,76, B. Sassolas ¹⁷⁵, B. S. Sathyaprakash ^7,33, R. Sato²²⁷, S. Sato¹⁵¹, Yukino Sato¹⁵¹, Yu Sato¹⁵¹, O. Sauter ⁴⁶, R. L. Savage ², T. Sawada ⁵⁰, H. L. Sawant⁷⁹, S. Sayah¹⁷⁵, V. Scacco^21,22, D. Schaetzl¹¹, M. Scheel¹⁴⁸, A. Schiebelbein¹⁹⁰, M. G. Schiworski ⁷⁸, P. Schmidt ¹¹⁸, S. Schmidt ⁷¹, R. Schnabel ⁹⁷, M. Schneewind^8,9, R. M. S. Schofield⁷⁷, K. Schouteden ¹⁰⁹, B. W. Schulte^8,9, B. F. Schutz^33,8,9, E. Schwartz ²⁹⁸, M. Scialpi ²⁹⁹, J. Scott ⁸⁶, S. M. Scott ³⁴, R. M. Sedas ⁶³, T. C. Seetharamu⁸⁶, M. Seglar-Arroyo ⁴³, Y. Sekiguchi ³⁰⁰, D. Sellers⁶³, N. Sembo²⁰⁵, A. S. Sengupta ³⁰¹, E. G. Seo ⁸⁶, J. W. Seo ¹⁰⁹, V. Sequino^32,4, M. Serra ³⁸, A. Sevrin¹⁸⁸, T. Shaffer², U. S. Shah ⁵⁷, M. A. Shaikh ²⁶¹, L. Shao ³⁰², A. K. Sharma ⁹⁸, Preeti Sharma¹², Prianka Sharma¹⁰³, Ritwik Sharma¹⁸, S. Sharma Chaudhary¹⁰⁵, P. Shawhan ¹²⁵, N. S. Shcheblanov ^303,263, E. Sheridan¹⁴³, Z.-H. Shi¹⁴¹, M. Shikauchi⁴², R. Shimomura³⁰⁴, H. Shinkai ³⁰⁴, S. Shirke⁷⁹, D. H. Shoemaker ³⁵, D. M. Shoemaker ¹⁴⁷, R. W. Short², S. ShyamSundar¹⁰³, A. Sider¹⁵⁷, H. Siegel ^191,192, D. Sigg ², L. Silenzi ^36,37, L. Silvestri ^176,169, M. Simmonds¹¹⁵, L. P. Singer ³⁰⁵, Amitesh Singh²¹⁶, Anika Singh¹¹, D. Singh ²⁰⁷, N. Singh ⁹⁸, S. Singh^217,59, A. M. Sintes ⁹⁸, V. Sipala^170,155, V. Skliris ³³, B. J. J. Slagmolen ³⁴, D. A. Slater²⁰⁰, T. J. Slaven-Blair⁷², J. Smetana¹¹⁸, J. R. Smith ⁵⁴, L. Smith ^86,185,48, R. J. E. Smith ⁶, W. J. Smith ¹⁴³, S. Soares de Albuquerque Filho⁶⁰, M. Soares-Santos¹⁸⁹, K. Somiya ²¹⁷, I. Song ¹⁴¹, S. Soni ³⁵, V. Sordini ⁵⁶, F. Sorrentino²⁹, H. Sotani ³⁰⁶, F. Spada ⁸⁰, V. Spagnuolo ³⁷, A. P. Spencer ⁸⁶, P. Spinicelli ⁶², A. K. Srivastava⁹³, F. Stachurski ⁸⁶, C. J. Stark¹²², D. A. Steer ³⁰⁷, N. Steinle ¹⁶⁸, J. Steinlechner^36,37, S. Steinlechner ^36,37, N. Stergioulas ²⁵¹, P. Stevens⁴¹, M. StPierre¹⁶³, M. D. Strong¹², A. Strunk², A. L. Stuver ^102,†, M. Suchenek⁹⁵, S. Sudhagar ⁹⁵, Y. Sudo²³⁰, N. Sueltmann⁹⁷, L. Suleiman ⁵⁴, K. D. Sullivan¹², J. Sun ²⁴¹, L. Sun ³⁴, S. Sunil⁹³, J. Suresh ¹¹³, B. J. Sutton⁶⁷, P. J. Sutton ³³, K. Suzuki²¹⁷, M. Suzuki²⁰⁴, B. L. Swinkels ³⁷, A. Syx ¹¹⁶, M. J. Szczepańczyk ³⁰⁸, P. Szewczyk ¹²⁴, M. Tacca ³⁷, H. Tagoshi ²⁰⁴, K. Takada²⁰⁴, H. Takahashi ²⁷², R. Takahashi ²⁵, A. Takamori ⁴², S. Takano ³⁰⁹, H. Takeda ^310,311, K. Takeshita²¹⁷, I. Takimoto Schmiegelow^44,45, M. Takou-Ayaoh⁷⁸, C. Talbot¹²⁹, M. Tamaki²⁰⁴, N. Tamanini ¹⁰⁰, D. Tanabe¹⁴⁰, K. Tanaka⁵⁰, S. J. Tanaka ²³⁰, S. Tanioka ³³, D. B. Tanner⁴⁶, W. Tanner^8,9, L. Tao ²¹¹, R. D. Tapia⁷, E. N. Tapia San Martín³⁷, C. Taranto^21,22, A. Taruya ³¹², J. D. Tasson ¹⁵², J. G. Tau ¹¹⁰, D. Tellez⁵⁴, R. Tenorio ⁹⁸, H. Themann¹⁸¹, A. Theodoropoulos ¹³⁷, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam⁷⁹, L. M. Thomas ¹¹, M. Thomas⁶³, P. Thomas², J. E. Thompson ²¹⁰, S. R. Thondapu¹⁰³, K. A. Thorne⁶³, E. Thrane ⁶, J. Tissino ^44,45, A. Tiwari⁷⁹, Pawan Tiwari⁴⁴, Praveer Tiwari¹⁹⁵, S. Tiwari ¹⁸⁹, V. Tiwari ¹¹⁸, M. R. Todd⁷⁸, M. Toffano⁹¹, A. M. Toivonen ¹⁸, K. Toland ⁸⁶, A. E. Tolley ⁷³, T. Tomaru ²⁵, V. Tommasini¹¹, T. Tomura ⁵⁰, H. Tong ⁶, C. Tong-Yu¹⁴⁰, A. Torres-Forné ^137,138, C. I. Torrie¹¹, I. Tosta e Melo ³¹³, E. Tournefier ³¹, M. Trad Nery¹¹³, K. Tran¹²², A. Trapananti ^52,51, R. Travaglini ¹⁶⁷, F. Travasso ^52,51, G. Traylor⁶³, M. Trevor¹²⁵, M. C. Tringali ⁶², A. Tripathee ⁹⁰, G. Troian ^185,48, A. Trovato ^185,48, L. Trozzo⁴, R. J. Trudeau¹¹, T. Tsang ³³, S. Tsuchida ³¹⁴, L. Tsukada ²¹³, K. Turbang ^188,23, M. Turconi ¹¹³, C. Turski⁹⁴, H. Ubach ^82,83, N. Uchikata ²⁰⁴, T. Uchiyama ⁵⁰, R. P. Udall ¹¹, T. Uehara ³¹⁵, K. Ueno ⁴², V. Undheim ²⁷⁷, L. E. Uronen²¹⁹, T. Ushiba ⁵⁰, M. Vacatello ^80,81, H. Vahlbruch ^8,9, N. Vaidya ¹¹, G. Vajente ¹¹, A. Vajpeyi⁶, J. Valencia ⁹⁸, M. Valentini ^107,37, S. A. Vallejo-Peña ²⁹⁵, S. Vallero²⁸, V. Valsan ¹⁰, M. van Dael ^37,316, E. Van den Bossche ¹⁸⁸, J. F. J. van den Brand ^36,107,37, C. Van Den Broeck^71,37, M. van der Sluys ^37,71, A. Van de Walle⁴¹, J. van Dongen ^37,107, K. Vandra¹⁰², M. VanDyke¹¹⁹, H. van Haevermaet ²³, J. V. van Heijningen ^37,107, P. Van Hove ⁶⁴, J. Vanier²⁵⁹, M. VanKeuren¹⁰⁴, J. Vanosky², N. van Remortel ²³, M. Vardaro^36,37, A. F. Vargas ¹²³, V. Varma ¹³², A. N. Vazquez⁸⁹, A. Vecchio ¹¹⁸, G. Vedovato⁹², J. Veitch ⁸⁶, P. J. Veitch ¹¹⁵, S. Venikoudis¹⁵, R. C. Venterea ¹⁸, P. Verdier ⁵⁶, M. Vereecken¹⁵, D. Verkindt ³¹, B. Verma¹³², Y. Verma ¹⁰³, S. M. Vermeulen ¹¹, F. Vetrano⁶⁰, A. Veutro ^38,176, A. Viceré ^60,61, S. Vidyant⁷⁸, A. D. Viets ⁸⁸, A. Vijaykumar ¹⁹⁰, A. Vilkha¹¹⁰, N. Villanueva Espinosa¹³⁷, V. Villa-Ortega ¹⁷⁸, E. T. Vincent ⁵⁷, J.-Y. Vinet¹¹³, S. Viret⁵⁶, S. Vitale ³⁵, H. Vocca ^76,51, D. Voigt ⁹⁷, E. R. G. von Reis², J. S. A. von Wrangel^8,9, W. E. Vossius²³¹, L. Vujeva ¹³⁹, S. P. Vyatchanin ¹⁰⁸, J. Wack¹¹, L. E. Wade¹⁰⁴, M. Wade ¹⁰⁴, K. J. Wagner ¹¹⁰, L. Wallace¹¹, E. J. Wang⁸⁹, H. Wang ²¹⁷, J. Z. Wang⁹⁰, W. H. Wang¹⁶⁴, Y. F. Wang ¹, G. Waratkar ¹⁹⁵, J. Warner², M. Was ³¹, T. Washimi ²⁵, N. Y. Washington¹¹, D. Watarai⁴², B. Weaver², S. A. Webster⁸⁶, N. L. Weickhardt ⁹⁷, M. Weinert^8,9, A. J. Weinstein ¹¹, R. Weiss³⁵, L. Wen ⁷², K. Wette ³⁴, J. T. Whelan ¹¹⁰, B. F. Whiting ⁴⁶, C. Whittle ¹¹, E. G. Wickens⁷³, D. Wilken ^8,9, A. T. Wilkin²¹¹, B. M. Williams¹¹⁹, D. Williams ⁸⁶, M. J. Williams ⁷³, N. S. Williams ¹, J. L. Willis ¹¹, B. Willke ^9,8, M. Wils ¹⁰⁹, L. Wilson¹⁰⁴, C. W. Winborn¹⁰⁵, J. Winterflood⁷², C. C. Wipf¹¹, G. Woan ⁸⁶, J. Woehler^36,37, N. E. Wolfe³⁵, H. T. Wong ¹⁴⁰, I. C. F. Wong ^219,109, K. Wong¹⁹⁰, T. Wouters^71,37, J. L. Wright², M. Wright ^86,71, B. Wu⁷⁸, C. Wu ¹⁴¹, D. S. Wu ^8,9, H. Wu ¹⁴¹, K. Wu¹¹⁹, Q. Wu⁵³, Y. Wu⁹⁶, Z. Wu ¹⁰⁰, E. Wuchner⁵⁴, D. M. Wysocki ¹⁰, V. A. Xu ²⁰⁷, Y. Xu ⁹⁸, N. Yadav ²⁸, H. Yamamoto ¹¹, K. Yamamoto ¹⁵¹, T. S. Yamamoto ⁴², T. Yamamoto ⁵⁰, R. Yamazaki ²³⁰, T. Yan¹¹⁸, K. Z. Yang ¹⁸, Y. Yang ¹⁴⁵, Z. Yarbrough ¹², J. Yebana⁹⁸, S.-W. Yeh¹⁴¹, A. B. Yelikar ¹⁴³, X. Yin³⁵, J. Yokoyama ^317,42, T. Yokozawa⁵⁰, S. Yuan⁷², H. Yuzurihara ⁵⁰, M. Zanolin⁶⁵, M. Zeeshan ¹¹⁰, T. Zelenova⁶², J.-P. Zendri⁹², M. Zeoli ¹⁵, M. Zerrad⁴⁰, M. Zevin ⁹⁶, L. Zhang¹¹, N. Zhang⁵⁷, R. Zhang ¹⁴⁹, T. Zhang¹¹⁸, C. Zhao ⁷², Yue Zhao¹⁶¹, Yuhang Zhao²⁰, Z.-C. Zhao ³¹⁸, Y. Zheng ¹⁰⁵, H. Zhong ¹⁸, H. Zhou⁷⁸, H. O. Zhu⁷², Z.-H. Zhu ^318,319, A. B. Zimmerman ¹⁴⁷, L. Zimmermann⁵⁶, M. E. Zucker ^35,11, and J. Zweizig ¹¹ (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, KAGRA Collaboration)

¹Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
²LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
³Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
⁴INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
⁵University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
⁶OzGrav, School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
⁷The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁸Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
⁹Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
¹⁰University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
¹¹LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
¹²Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
¹³Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
¹⁴Centre de Physique Théorique, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
¹⁵Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
¹⁶Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
¹⁷University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
¹⁸University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
¹⁹Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
²⁰Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France
²¹Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
²²INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
²³Universiteit Antwerpen, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
²⁴International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
²⁵Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁶Advanced Technology Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁷Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
²⁸INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
²⁹INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
³⁰Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
³¹Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules—IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
³²Università di Napoli “Federico II”, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
³³Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
³⁴OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
³⁵LIGO Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
³⁶Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
³⁷Nikhef, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
³⁸INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
³⁹Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁰Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, F-13013 Marseille, France
⁴¹Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
⁴²University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
⁴³Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁴⁴Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
⁴⁵INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
⁴⁶University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
⁴⁷Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche e Fisiche, Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
⁴⁸INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁹Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
⁵⁰Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
⁵¹INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁵²Università di Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
⁵³University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
⁵⁴California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
⁵⁵SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
⁵⁶Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁵⁷Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
⁵⁸Royal Holloway, University of London, London TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
⁵⁹Astronomical course, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
⁶⁰Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
⁶¹INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
⁶²European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
⁶³LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
⁶⁴Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
⁶⁵Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona 86301, USA
⁶⁶Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
⁶⁷King’s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
⁶⁸Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
⁶⁹International College, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
⁷⁰Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
⁷¹Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
⁷²OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
⁷³University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
⁷⁴Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁷⁵INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁷⁶Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁷⁷University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
⁷⁸Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
⁷⁹Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
⁸⁰INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁸¹Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁸²Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁸³Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franqués, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁴Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, c. Gran Capità, 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁵Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
⁸⁶IGR, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
⁸⁷HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
⁸⁸Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, USA
⁸⁹Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
⁹⁰University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
⁹¹Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹²INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹³Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
⁹⁴Universiteit Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
⁹⁵Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
⁹⁶Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
⁹⁷Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
⁹⁸IAC3–IEEC, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
⁹⁹Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille, France
¹⁰⁰Laboratoire des 2 Infinis—Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
¹⁰¹Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, I-53100 Siena, Italy
¹⁰²Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA
¹⁰³RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
¹⁰⁴Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA
¹⁰⁵Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
¹⁰⁶Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
¹⁰⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
¹⁰⁸Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
¹⁰⁹Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
¹¹⁰Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
¹¹¹Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
¹¹²Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
¹¹³Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Artemis, F-06304 Nice, France
¹¹⁴University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
¹¹⁵OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
¹¹⁶Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 75016 Paris, France
¹¹⁷Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON—UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
¹¹⁸University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
¹¹⁹Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
¹²⁰Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
¹²¹Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
¹²²Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
¹²³OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
¹²⁴Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
¹²⁵University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
¹²⁶Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹²⁷INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹²⁸Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹²⁹University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
¹³⁰University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
¹³¹INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
¹³²University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
¹³³Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, 2100 København, Denmark
¹³⁴Universidad de Guadalajara, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
¹³⁵Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali di Roma, 00133 Roma, Italy
¹³⁶Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
¹³⁷Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹³⁸Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
¹³⁹Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 København, Denmark
¹⁴⁰National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan
¹⁴¹National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
¹⁴²OzGrav, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
¹⁴³Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
¹⁴⁴University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences / International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific, Bejing 100049, China
¹⁴⁵Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 101 University Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
¹⁴⁶Kamioka Branch, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
¹⁴⁷University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
¹⁴⁸CaRT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
¹⁴⁹Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
¹⁵⁰Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DIIN), Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
¹⁵¹Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama City, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
¹⁵²Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
¹⁵³University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
¹⁵⁴OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Victoria 3122, Australia
¹⁵⁵INFN Cagliari, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
¹⁵⁶Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Università 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
¹⁵⁷Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
¹⁵⁸INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera sede di Merate, I-23807 Merate, Lecco, Italy
¹⁵⁹Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹⁶⁰Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
¹⁶¹The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
¹⁶²Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
¹⁶³University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
¹⁶⁴The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
¹⁶⁵Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
¹⁶⁶DIFA- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33–40126 Bologna, Italy
¹⁶⁷Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare—Sezione di Bologna, viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2–40127 Bologna, Italy
¹⁶⁸University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
¹⁶⁹INFN-CNAF—Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
¹⁷⁰Università degli Studi di Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
¹⁷¹INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, I-95125 Catania, Italy
¹⁷²Université de Normandie, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, F-14000 Caen, France
¹⁷³Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire Caen, 6 boulevard du maréchal Juin, F-14050 Caen, France
¹⁷⁴The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
¹⁷⁵Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹⁷⁶Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma, Italy
¹⁷⁷Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
¹⁷⁸IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
¹⁷⁹Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
¹⁸⁰INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
¹⁸¹California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
¹⁸²Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
¹⁸³Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
¹⁸⁴Corps des Mines, Mines Paris, Université PSL, 60 Bd Saint-Michel, 75272 Paris, France
¹⁸⁵Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
¹⁸⁶Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Lagrange, F-06304 Nice, France
¹⁸⁷National Center for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock, Poland
¹⁸⁸Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
¹⁸⁹University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁹⁰Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
¹⁹¹Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
¹⁹²Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
¹⁹³Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA
¹⁹⁴HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
¹⁹⁵Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
¹⁹⁶Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, Universidade do Minho, PT-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
¹⁹⁷Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
¹⁹⁸CNR-SPIN, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
¹⁹⁹Scuola di Ingegneria, Università della Basilicata, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
²⁰⁰Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
²⁰¹SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
²⁰²Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33168, USA
²⁰³Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
²⁰⁴Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²⁰⁵Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
²⁰⁶University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
²⁰⁷University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
²⁰⁸Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
²⁰⁹Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans, UMR CNRS 6613, F-72085 Le Mans, France
²¹⁰University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
²¹¹University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
²¹²Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Elettronica e Meccanica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
²¹³University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
²¹⁴University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
²¹⁵Ariel University, Ramat HaGolan Street 65, Ari’el, West Bank
²¹⁶The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
²¹⁷Graduate School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
²¹⁸Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
²¹⁹The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
²²⁰American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
²²¹Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
²²²INFN, sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
²²³Department of Applied Physics, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
²²⁴University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
²²⁵University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
²²⁶College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi, Narashino City, Chiba 275-8575, Japan
²²⁷Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
²²⁸Department of Physics, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingzhuan Road, Danshui Dist., New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
²²⁹Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
²³⁰Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
²³¹Helmut Schmidt University, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany
²³²Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
²³³Directorate of Construction, Services and Estate Management, Mumbai 400094, India
²³⁴Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
²³⁵Faculty of Physics, University of Białystok, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
²³⁶National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academic of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
²³⁷School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
²³⁸Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
²³⁹Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁰Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²⁴¹Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
²⁴²University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington 98011, USA
²⁴³Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 9GH2+3V5, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
²⁴⁴Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁵National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁶Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁷Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁸Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
²⁴⁹Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁵⁰Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
²⁵¹Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
²⁵²Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, New York 12504, USA
²⁵³Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
²⁵⁴Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
²⁵⁵Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Cracow, Poland
²⁵⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 8-35151 Padova, Italy
²⁵⁷Sezione di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via Marzolo, 8-35131 Padova, Italy
²⁵⁸Department of Physics, Nagoya University, ES building, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
²⁵⁹Université de Montréal/Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
²⁶⁰Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
²⁶¹Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
²⁶²Department of Computer Simulation, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea
²⁶³NAVIER, École des Ponts, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne-la-Vallée, France
²⁶⁴Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁶⁵Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
²⁶⁶St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, Florida 33054, USA
²⁶⁷Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
²⁶⁸Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
²⁶⁹Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷⁰Institut fuer Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum fuer Astronomie Heidelberg, Universitaet Heidelberg, Albert Ueberle Strasse 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
²⁷¹Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷²Research Center for Space Science, Advanced Research Laboratories, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-Nishi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8551, Japan
²⁷³Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
²⁷⁴Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
²⁷⁵Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University, 67 Fukakusa Tsukamoto-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 612-8577, Japan
²⁷⁶Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
²⁷⁷University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
²⁷⁸Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
²⁷⁹GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
²⁸⁰University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
²⁸¹Observatoire de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
²⁸²Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France
²⁸³Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
²⁸⁴University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
²⁸⁵CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
²⁸⁶Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, I-00185 Roma, Italy
²⁸⁷Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
²⁸⁸Department of Physics, University of Guadalajara, Avenue Revolucion 1500, Colonia Olimpica C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
²⁸⁹Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
²⁹⁰INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
²⁹¹Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
²⁹²Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, I-00184 Roma, Italy
²⁹³Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA
²⁹⁴Subatech, CNRS/IN2P3—IMT Atlantique—Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler BP 20722 44307 Nantes CÉDEX 03, France
²⁹⁵Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
²⁹⁶Departamento de Física—ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain
²⁹⁷Department of Electronic Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakai, Nagaoka City, Niigata 940-8532, Japan
²⁹⁸Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
²⁹⁹Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università Degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44121 Ferrara FE, Italy
³⁰⁰Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
³⁰¹Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
³⁰²Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
³⁰³Laboratoire MSME, Cité Descartes, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
³⁰⁴Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 1-79-1 Kitayama, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0196, Japan
³⁰⁵NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
³⁰⁶Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
³⁰⁷Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, (CNRS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité), F-75005 Paris, France
³⁰⁸Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
³⁰⁹Laser Interferometry and Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
³¹⁰The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
³¹¹Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³¹²Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³¹³University of Catania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via S. Sofia, 64, 95123 Catania CT, Italy
³¹⁴National Institute of Technology, Fukui College, Geshi-cho, Sabae-shi, Fukui 916-8507, Japan
³¹⁵Department of Communications Engineering, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
³¹⁶Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
³¹⁷Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), WPI, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
³¹⁸Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
³¹⁹School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Bayi Road 299, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China

^*Full author list given at the end of the article.
^†Deceased, September 2024.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 022001 – Published 6 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/wgp7-t8r8

Abstract

The angular distribution of gravitational-wave power from persistent sources may exhibit anisotropies arising from the large-scale structure of the Universe. This motivates directional searches for astrophysical and cosmological gravitational-wave backgrounds, as well as continuous-wave emitters. We present results of such a search using data from the first observing run through the first portion of the fourth observing run of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaborations. We apply gravitational-wave radiometer techniques to generate skymaps and search for both narrowband and broadband persistent gravitational-wave sources. Additionally, we use spherical harmonic decomposition to probe spatially extended sources. No evidence of persistent gravitational-wave signals is found, and we set the most stringent constraints to date on such emissions. For narrowband point sources, our sensitivity estimate to effective strain amplitude lies in the range $(0.03 - 8.4) \times 10^{- 24}$ across all-sky and frequency range ( $20 - 160$ ) Hz. For targeted sources—Scorpius X-1, SN 1987A, the Galactic Center, Terzan 5, and NGC 6397—we constrain the strain amplitude with best limits ranging from $\sim 1.1 \times 10^{- 25}$ to $6.5 \times 10^{- 24}$ . For persistent broadband sources, we constrain the gravitational-wave flux $F_{α, \hat{n}}^{95 %, UL} (25 Hz) < (0.008 - 5.5) \times 10^{- 8} erg {cm}^{- 2} s^{- 1} {Hz}^{- 1}$ , depending on the sky direction $\hat{n}$ and spectral index $α = 0, 2 / 3$ , 3. Finally, for extended sources, we place upper limits on the angular power spectrum $C_{ℓ}^{1 / 2} < (0.63 - 17) \times 10^{- 10} {sr}^{- 1}$ .

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 022001– Published 6 July, 2026

Vol. 114, Iss. 2 — 15 July 2026

Received 21 October 2025
Accepted 16 January 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/wgp7-t8r8

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Directional search for persistent gravitational waves: Results from the first part of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA’s fourth observing run

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