- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Featured in Physics
  • Editors' Suggestion
  • Open Access

Constraints on neutrino physics from DESI DR2 BAO and DR1 full shape

W. Elbers1, A. Aviles2,3, H. E. Noriega2,4, D. Chebat5, A. Menegas1, C. S. Frenk1, C. Garcia-Quintero6,*, D. Gonzalez7, M. Ishak8 et al. (DESI Collaboration)

M. Ishak8, O. Lahav9, K. Naidoo10, G. Niz7,3, C. Yèche5, M. Abdul-Karim5, S. Ahlen11, O. Alves12, U. Andrade13,12, E. Armengaud5, J. Behera14, S. BenZvi15, D. Bianchi16,17, S. Brieden18, A. Brodzeller19, D. Brooks9, E. Burtin5, R. Calderon20, R. Canning10, A. Carnero Rosell21,22, L. Casas23, F. J. Castander24,25, M. Charles26, E. Chaussidon19, J. Chaves-Montero23, T. Claybaugh19, S. Cole1, A. P. Cooper27, A. Cuceu19,*, K. S. Dawson28, A. de la Macorra4, A. de Mattia5, N. Deiosso29, A. Dey30, B. Dey31,32, Z. Ding33, P. Doel9, D. J. Eisenstein6, S. Ferraro19,34, A. Font-Ribera23, J. E. Forero-Romero35,36, L. H. Garrison37,38, E. Gaztañaga24,10,25, H. Gil-Marín39,24,40, S. Gontcho A. Gontcho19, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales7, G. Gutierrez41, S. He42, M. Herbold26, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar43,5, C. Howlett44, D. Huterer12, S. Juneau30, R. Kehoe45, D. Kirkby46, T. Kisner19, A. Kremin19, C. Lamman6, M. Landriau19, L. Le Guillou47, A. Leauthaud48,49, M. E. Levi19, Q. Li28, K. Lodha50,51, C. Magneville5, M. Manera52,23, P. Martini53,54,26, W. L. Matthewson50, A. Meisner30, J. Mena-Fernández55, R. Miquel56,23, J. Moustakas57, S. Nadathur10, J. A. Newman32, E. Paillas58,59, N. Palanque-Delabrouille5,19, W. J. Percival60,61,62, M. M. Pieri63, C. Poppett19,64,34, F. Prada65, I. Pérez-Ràfols66, D. Rabinowitz67, C. Ramírez-Pérez23, M. Rashkovetskyi6, C. Ravoux68, H. Rivera-Morales4, J. Rohlf11, A. J. Ross53,54,26, G. Rossi69, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider5, L. Samushia70,14,71, E. Sanchez29, D. Schlegel19, M. Schubnell12, H. Seo72, F. Sinigaglia21,22, D. Sprayberry30, T. Tan5, G. Tarlé12, P. Taylor26, W. Turner53,54,26, M. Vargas-Magaña4, L. Verde56,40, M. Walther73,74, B. A. Weaver30, A. Whitford44, M. Wolfson26, P. Zarrouk47, C. Zhao75, R. Zhou19, and H. Zou76 (DESI Collaboration)

  • 1Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
  • 2Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62210, Mexico
  • 3Instituto Avanzado de Cosmología A. C., San Marcos 11—Atenas 202, Magdalena Contreras, Ciudad de México C. P. 10720, Mexico
  • 4Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. de México C. P. 04510, Mexico
  • 5IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
  • 6Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
  • 7Departamento de Física, DCI-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, León, Guanajuato C. P. 37150, Mexico
  • 8Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
  • 9Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
  • 10Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
  • 11Physics Department, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
  • 12Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 13Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
  • 14Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
  • 15Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, 206 Bausch and Lomb Hall, P.O. Box 270171, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA
  • 16Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
  • 17INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
  • 18Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, United Kingdom
  • 19Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 20CEICO, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 21Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • 22Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/ Vía Láctea, s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • 23Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 24Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c/ Esteve Terradas 1, Edifici RDIT, Campus PMT-UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
  • 25Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
  • 26The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, USA
  • 27Institute of Astronomy and Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Kuang-Fu Road Section 2, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
  • 28Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Utah, 115 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
  • 29CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • 30NSF NOIRLab, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
  • 31Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
  • 32Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
  • 33University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, People’s Republic of China
  • 34University of California, Berkeley, 110 Sproul Hall No. 5800 Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 35Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, CP 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 36Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, CP 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
  • 37Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
  • 38Scientific Computing Core, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
  • 39Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • 40Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • 41Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
  • 42Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
  • 43Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
  • 44School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
  • 45Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
  • 46Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
  • 47Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), FR-75005 Paris, France
  • 48Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, UCO/Lick Observatory, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
  • 49Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95065, USA
  • 50Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
  • 51University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
  • 52Departament de Física, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 53Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 54Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 55Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, 53 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
  • 56Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
  • 57Department of Physics and Astronomy, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, USA
  • 58Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
  • 59Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, avenida Ejército Libertador 441, Santiago, Chile
  • 60Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 61Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
  • 62Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 63Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
  • 64Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 65Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
  • 66Departament de Física, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
  • 67Physics Department, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
  • 68Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, LPCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
  • 69Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
  • 70Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory, Tbilisi, GE-0179, Georgia
  • 71Faculty of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, 0194 Tbilisi, Georgia
  • 72Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, 139 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
  • 73Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstrasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
  • 74University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81677 München, Germany
  • 75Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100190
  • 76National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People’s Republic of China

  • *NASA Einstein Fellow.
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 112, 083513 – Published 6 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/w9pk-xsk7

Abstract

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Collaboration has obtained robust measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations in the redshift range 0.1<z<4.2, based on the Lyman-α forest and galaxies from data release 2. We combine these measurements with cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from Planck and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope to place our tightest constraints yet on the sum of neutrino masses. Assuming the cosmological ΛCDM model and three degenerate neutrino states, we find ∑mν<0.0642  eV (95%) with a marginalized error of σ(∑mν)=0.020  eV. We also constrain the effective number of neutrino species, finding Neff=3.23−0.34+0.35 (95%), in line with the Standard Model prediction. When accounting for neutrino oscillation constraints, we find a preference for the normal mass ordering and an upper limit on the lightest neutrino mass of ml<0.023  eV (95%). However, we determine using frequentist and Bayesian methods that our constraints are in tension with the lower limits derived from neutrino oscillations. Correcting for the physical boundary at zero mass, we report a 95% Feldman-Cousins upper limit of ∑mν<0.053  eV, breaching the lower limit from neutrino oscillations. Considering a more general Bayesian analysis with an effective cosmological neutrino mass parameter, ∑mν,eff, that allows for negative energy densities and removes unsatisfactory prior weight effects, we derive constraints that are in 3σ tension with the same oscillation limit, while the error rises to σ(∑mν,eff)=0.053  eV. In the absence of unknown systematics, this finding could be interpreted as a hint of new physics not necessarily related to neutrinos. The preference of DESI and CMB data for an evolving dark energy model offers one possible solution. In the w0waCDM model, we find ∑mν<0.163  eV (95%), relaxing the neutrino tension. These constraints all rely on the effects of neutrinos on the cosmic expansion history. Using full-shape power spectrum measurements of data release 1 galaxies, we place complementary constraints that rely on neutrino free streaming. Our strongest such limit in ΛCDM, using selected CMB priors, is ∑mν<0.193  eV (95%).

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Viewpoint

Rethinking Our Place in the Universe

Published 6 October, 2025

The new map of the Universe’s expansion history released by the DESI Collaboration offers hints at a breakdown of the standard model of cosmology.

See more in Physics

Article Text

References (225)

  1. R. A. Alpher, J. W. Follin, and R. C. Herman, Phys. Rev. 92, 1347 (1953).
  2. S. S. Gershtein and Y. B. Zel’dovich, Sov. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. Lett. 4, 120 (1966).
  3. R. Cowsik and J. McClelland, Astrophys. J. 180, 7 (1973).
  4. A. S. Szalay and G. Marx, Astron. Astrophys. 49, 437 (1976).
  5. V. A. Lubimov, E. G. Novikov, V. Z. Nozik, E. F. Tretyakov et al., Phys. Lett. 94B, 266 (1980).
  6. J. R. Bond, G. Efstathiou, and J. Silk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1980 (1980).
  7. C. S. Frenk, S. D. M. White, and M. Davis, Astrophys. J. 271, 417 (1983).
  8. S. D. M. White, C. S. Frenk, and M. Davis, Astrophys. J. Lett. 274, L1 (1983).
  9. M. Fritschi, E. Holzschuh, W. Kündig, J. W. Petersen, R.E. Pixley, and H. Stüssi , Phys. Lett. B 173, 485 (1986).
  10. J. F. Wilkerson, T. J. Bowles, J. C. Browne, M. P. Maley, R. G. H. Robertson, J. S. Cohen, R. L. Martin, D. A. Knapp, and J. A. Helffrich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2023 (1987).
  11. A. I. Belesev, A. I. Bleule, E. V. Geraskin, A. A. Golubev et al., Phys. Lett. B 350, 263 (1995).
  12. C. Weinheimer, B. Degenddag, A. Bleile, J. Bonn, L. Bornschein, O. Kazachenko, A. Kovalik, and E. W. Otten, Phys. Lett. B 460, 219 (1999).
  13. V. M. Lobashev, V. N. Aseev, A. I. Belesev, A. I. Berlev et al., Phys. Lett. B 460, 227 (1999).
  14. J. Bonn, B. Bornschein, L. Bornschein, L. Fickinger et al., Nucl. Phys. B, Proc. Suppl. 91, 273 (2001).
  15. M. Aker, K. Altenmüller, M. Arenz, M. Babutzka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 221802 (2019).
  16. M. Aker, A. Beglarian, J. Behrens et al. (The Katrin Collaboration), Nat. Phys. 18, 160 (2022).
  17. M. Aker, D. Batzler, A. Beglarian, J. Behrens et al., Science 388, adq9592 (2025).
  18. I. Esteban, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, I. Martinez-Soler, J. P. Pinheiro, and T. Schwetz, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2024) 216.
  19. NuFIT 6.0 (2024), http://www.nu-fit.org.
  20. F. Capozzi, E. Di Valentino, E. Lisi, A. Marrone, Al. Melchiorri, and A. Palazzo, Phys. Rev. D 104, 083031 (2021).
  21. P. F. de Salas, D. V. Forero, S. Gariazzo, P. Martínez-Miravé, O. Mena, C. A. Ternes, M. Tórtola, and J. W. F. Valle, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2021) 071.
  22. Ø. Elgarøy, O. Lahav, W. J. Percival, J. A. Peacock et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 061301 (2002).
  23. M. Tegmark, M. A. Strauss, M. R. Blanton, K. Abazajian et al., Phys. Rev. D 69, 103501 (2004).
  24. C. L. Bennett, M. Halpern, G. Hinshaw, N. Jarosik et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 148, 1 (2003).
  25. D. N. Spergel, L. Verde, H. V. Peiris, E. Komatsu et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 148, 175 (2003).
  26. R. A. C. Croft, W. Hu, and R. Davé, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1092 (1999).
  27. U. Seljak, A. Makarov, P. McDonald, S. F. Anderson et al., Phys. Rev. D 71, 103515 (2005).
  28. A. Goobar, S. Hannestad, E. Mörtsell, and H. Tu, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2006) 019.
  29. U. Seljak, A. Slosar, and P. McDonald, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2006) 014.
  30. M. Viel, M. G. Haehnelt, and V. Springel, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2010) 015.
  31. N. Palanque-Delabrouille, C. Yèche, J. Baur, C. Magneville et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2015) 011.
  32. G. Rossi, C. Yèche, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, and J. Lesgourgues, Phys. Rev. D 92, 063505 (2015).
  33. C. Yèche, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, J. Baur, and H. du Mas des Bourboux, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2017) 047.
  34. D. Parkinson, S. Riemer-Sørensen, C. Blake, G. B. Poole et al., Phys. Rev. D 86, 103518 (2012).
  35. S. Vagnozzi, E. Giusarma, O. Mena, K. Freese, M. Gerbino, S. Ho, and M. Lattanzi, Phys. Rev. D 96, 123503 (2017).
  36. A. Loureiro, A. Cuceu, F. B. Abdalla, B. Moraes et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 081301 (2019).
  37. S. R. Choudhury and S. Hannestad, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2020) 037.
  38. Planck Collaboration, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020).
  39. N. Palanque-Delabrouille, C. Yèche, N. Schöneberg, J. Lesgourgues, M. Walther, S. Chabanier, and E. Armengaud, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2020) 038.
  40. E. Di Valentino, S. Gariazzo, and O. Mena, Phys. Rev. D 104, 083504 (2021).
  41. S. Brieden, H. Gil-Marín, and L. Verde, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08 (2022) 024.
  42. A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2025) 021.
  43. A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2025) 028.
  44. M. A. Karim, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), companion paper, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083515 (2025).
  45. M. Gerbino, arXiv:1803.11545.
  46. C. Dvorkin, J. Meyers, P. Adshead, M. Amin et al., arXiv:2203.07943.
  47. J. Froustey, C. Pitrou, and M. C. Volpe, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 12 (2020) 015.
  48. J. J. Bennett, G. Buldgen, P. F. de Salas, M. Drewes, S. Gariazzo, S. Pastor, and Y. Y. Y. Wong, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2021) 073.
  49. M. Drewes, Y. Georis, M. Klasen, L. P. Wiggering, and Y. Y. Y. Wong, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2024) 032.
  50. M. Levi, C. Bebek, T. Beers, R. Blum et al., arXiv:1308.0847.
  51. B. Abareshi, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), Astron. J. 164, 207 (2022).
  52. A. Aghamousa, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), arXiv:1611.00037.
  53. Planck Collaboration, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A5 (2020).
  54. J. Carron, M. Mirmelstein, and A. Lewis, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2022) 039.
  55. M. S. Madhavacheril, F. J. Qu, B. D. Sherwin, N. MacCrann et al., Astrophys. J. 962, 113 (2024).
  56. F. J. Qu, B. D. Sherwin, M. S. Madhavacheril, D. Han et al., Astrophys. J. 962, 112 (2024).
  57. N. Schöneberg, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2024) 006.
  58. S. Hannestad, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 221301 (2005).
  59. C. S. Lorenz, E. Calabrese, and D. Alonso, Phys. Rev. D 96, 043510 (2017).
  60. S. Vagnozzi, S. Dhawan, M. Gerbino, K. Freese, A. Goobar, and O. Mena, Phys. Rev. D 98, 083501 (2018).
  61. A. Upadhye, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2019) 041.
  62. Z. Liu and H. Miao, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 29, 2050088 (2020).
  63. R. K. Sharma, K. L. Pandey, and S. Das, Astrophys. J. 934, 113 (2022).
  64. S. Roy Choudhury and T. Okumura, Astrophys. J. Lett. 976, L11 (2024).
  65. H. Shao, J. J. Givans, J. Dunkley, M. Madhavacheril, F. J. Qu, G. Farren, and B. Sherwin, Phys. Rev. D 111, 083535 (2025).
  66. A. Yadav, S. Kumar, C. Kıbrıs, and Ö. Akarsu, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 042.
  67. M. Chevallier and D. Polarski, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 10, 213 (2001).
  68. E. V. Linder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 091301 (2003).
  69. Planck Collaboration, Astron. Astrophys. 566, A54 (2014).
  70. S. Alam, M. Aubert, S. Avila, C. Balland et al., Phys. Rev. D 103, 083533 (2021).
  71. N. Craig, D. Green, J. Meyers, and S. Rajendran, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2024) 097.
  72. D. Green and J. Meyers, Phys. Rev. D 111, 083507 (2025).
  73. W. Elbers, C. S. Frenk, A. Jenkins, B. Li, and S. Pascoli, Phys. Rev. D 111, 063534 (2025).
  74. I. J. Allali and A. Notari, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 12 (2024) 020.
  75. D. Naredo-Tuero, M. Escudero, E. Fernandez-Martinez, X. Marcano, and V. Poulin, Phys. Rev. D 110, 123537 (2024).
  76. H. E. Noriega and A. Aviles, Phys. Rev. D 111, L061307 (2025).
  77. H. García Escudero and K. N. Abazajian, Phys. Rev. D 111, 043520 (2025).
  78. J.-Q. Jiang, W. Giarè, S. Gariazzo, M. G. Dainotti, E. Di Valentino, O. Mena, D. Pedrotti, S. S. da Costa, and S. Vagnozzi, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 153.
  79. J. Rebouças, D. H. F. de Souza, K. Zhong, V. Miranda, and Rogerio Rosenfeld, and et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2025) 024.
  80. C. Poppett, L. Tyas, J. Aguilar, C. Bebek et al., Astron. J. 168, 245 (2024).
  81. J. H. Silber, P. Fagrelius, K. Fanning, M. Schubnell et al., Astron. J. 165, 9 (2023).
  82. T. N. Miller, P. Doel, G. Gutierrez, R. Besuner et al., Astron. J. 168, 95 (2024).
  83. A. Aghamousa, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), arXiv:1611.00036.
  84. A. D. Myers, J. Moustakas, S. Bailey, B. A. Weaver et al., Astron. J. 165, 50 (2023).
  85. A. Dey, D. J. Schlegel, D. Lang, R. Blum et al., Astron. J. 157, 168 (2019).
  86. H. Zou, X. Zhou, X. Fan, T. Zhang et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 129, 064101 (2017).
  87. A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), Astron. J. 167, 62 (2024).
  88. T.-W. Lan, R. Tojeiro, E. Armengaud, J. X. Prochaska et al., Astrophys. J. 943, 68 (2023).
  89. D. M. Alexander, T. M. Davis, E. Chaussidon, V. A. Fawcett et al., Astron. J. 165, 124 (2023).
  90. A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), Astron. J. 168, 58 (2024).
  91. E. F. Schlafly, D. Kirkby, D. J. Schlegel, A. D. Myers et al., Astron. J. 166, 259 (2023).
  92. M. A. Karim, A. G. Adame, D. Aguado et al. (DESI Collaboration), arXiv:2503.14745.
  93. A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2025) 017.
  94. A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2025) 012.
  95. A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 124.
  96. A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), arXiv:2411.12021.
  97. J. Guy, S. Bailey, A. Kremin, S. Alam et al., Astron. J. 165, 144 (2023).
  98. Bailey et al. (to be published).
  99. A. Brodzeller, K. Dawson, S. Bailey, J. Yu et al., Astron. J. 166, 66 (2023).
  100. C. Hahn, M. J. Wilson, O. Ruiz-Macias, S. Cole et al., Astron. J. 165, 253 (2023).
  101. R. Zhou, B. Dey, J. A. Newman, D. J. Eisenstein et al., Astron. J. 165, 58 (2023).
  102. A. Raichoor, J. Moustakas, J. A. Newman, T. Karim et al., Astron. J. 165, 126 (2023).
  103. E. Chaussidon, C. Yèche, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, D. M. Alexander et al., Astrophys. J. 944, 107 (2023).
  104. U. Andrade, E. Paillas, J. Mena-Fernández, Q. Li et al. (DESI Collaboration), companion paper, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083512 (2025).
  105. M. A. Karim, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. (DESI Collaboration), companion paper, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083514 (2025).
  106. L. Casas, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar, J. Chaves-Montero, A. Cuceu et al., arXiv:2503.14741.
  107. A. Brodzeller, M. Wolfson, D. M. Santos, M. Ho et al. (DESI Collaboration), companion paper, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083510 (2025).
  108. P. McDonald and A. Roy, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08 (2009) 020.
  109. D. Baumann, A. Nicolis, L. Senatore, and M. Zaldarriaga, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2012) 051.
  110. J. J. M. Carrasco, M. P. Hertzberg, and L. Senatore, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2012) 082.
  111. Z. Vlah, M. White, and A. Aviles, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2015) 014.
  112. H. E. Noriega, A. Aviles, H. Gil-Marín, S. Ramirez-Solano et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 136.
  113. M. Maus, Y. Lai, H. E. Noriega, S. Ramirez-Solano et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 134.
  114. M. Maus, S. Chen, M. White, J. Aguilar et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 138.
  115. Y. Lai, C. Howlett, M. Maus, H. Gil-Marín et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 139.
  116. S. Ramirez-Solano, M. Icaza-Lizaola, H. E. Noriega, M. Vargas-Magaña et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 129.
  117. N. Findlay, S. Nadathur, W. J. Percival, A. de Mattia et al., arXiv:2411.12023.
  118. R. Gsponer, F. Rodríguez-Martínez et al. (to be published).
  119. R. Zhao et al. (to be published).
  120. M. Rashkovetskyi, D. J. Eisenstein, J. N. Aguilar, D. Brooks et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 524, 3894 (2023).
  121. M. Rashkovetskyi, D. Forero-Sánchez, A. de Mattia, D. J. Eisenstein et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 145.
  122. D. Forero-Sánchez, M. Rashkovetskyi, O. Alves, A. de Mattia et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2025) 055.
  123. E. Rosenberg, S. Gratton, and G. Efstathiou, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 517, 4620 (2022).
  124. M. Tristram, A. J. Banday, K. M. Górski, R. Keskitalo et al., Astron. Astrophys. 647, A128 (2021).
  125. M. Tristram, A. J. Banday, M. Douspis, X. Garrido et al., Astron. Astrophys. 682, A37 (2024).
  126. G. Efstathiou and S. Gratton, Open J. Astrophys. 4, 8 (2021).
  127. D. Scolnic, D. Brout, A. Carr, A. G. Riess et al., Astrophys. J. 938, 113 (2022).
  128. D. Brout, D. Scolnic, B. Popovic, A. G. Riess et al., Astrophys. J. 938, 110 (2022).
  129. D. Rubin, G. Aldering, M. Betoule, A. Fruchter et al., arXiv:2311.12098.
  130. DES Collaboration, Astrophys. J. Lett. 973, L14 (2024).
  131. J. Torrado and A. Lewis, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2021) 057.
  132. J. Torrado and A. Lewis, cobaya: Bayesian analysis in cosmology, Astrophysics Source Code Library (2019), ascl:1910.019.
  133. A. Lewis, A. Challinor, and A. Lasenby, Astrophys. J. 538, 473 (2000).
  134. J. Lesgourgues, arXiv:1104.2932.
  135. J. Lesgourgues and T. Tram, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2011) 032.
  136. A. Lewis, arXiv:1910.13970.
  137. A. Pérez-Fernández, L. Medina-Varela, R. Ruggeri, M. Vargas-Magaña et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 144.
  138. J. Mena-Fernández, C. Garcia-Quintero, S. Yuan, B. Hadzhiyska et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 133.
  139. C. Garcia-Quintero, J. Mena-Fernández, A. Rocher, S. Yuan et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 132.
  140. L. H. Garrison, D. J. Eisenstein, and P. A. Pinto, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 485, 3370 (2019).
  141. N. A. Maksimova, L. H. Garrison, D. J. Eisenstein, B. Hadzhiyska, S. Bose, and T. P. Satterthwaite, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 508, 4017 (2021).
  142. W. Elbers et al. (to be published).
  143. M. Schaller, P. Gonnet, A. B. Chalk, and P. W. Draper, Astrophysics Source Code Library (2018).
  144. M. Schaller, J. Borrow, P. W. Draper, M. Ivkovic et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 530, 2378 (2024).
  145. O. Hahn, M. Michaux, C. Rampf, C. Uhlemann et al., MUSIC2-monofonIC: 3LPT initial condition generator, Astrophysics Source Code Library (2020), ascl:2008.024.
  146. M. Michaux, O. Hahn, C. Rampf, and R. E. Angulo, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 500, 663 (2020).
  147. W. Elbers, C. S. Frenk, A. Jenkins, B. Li, and S. Pascoli, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 516, 3821 (2022).
  148. W. Elbers, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2022) 058.
  149. W. Elbers, C. S. Frenk, A. Jenkins, B. Li, and S. Pascoli, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 507, 2614 (2021).
  150. J. Han, Y. P. Jing, H. Wang, and W. Wang, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 427, 2437 (2012).
  151. J. Han, S. Cole, C. S. Frenk, A. Benitez-Llambay, and J. Helly, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 474, 604 (2018).
  152. V. J. Forouhar Moreno, J. Helly, R. McGibbon, J. Schaye et al., arXiv:2502.06932.
  153. A. Smith, C. Grove, S. Cole, P. Norberg et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 532, 903 (2024).
  154. J. Lesgourgues and S. Pastor, Phys. Rep. 429, 307 (2006).
  155. Y. Y. Y. Wong, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 61, 69 (2011).
  156. K. N. Abazajian and M. Kaplinghat, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 66, 401 (2016).
  157. M. Loverde and Z. J. Weiner, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 12 (2024) 048.
  158. T. Bertólez-Martínez, I. Esteban, R. Hajjar, O. Mena, and J. Salvado, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2025) 058.
  159. D. Racco, P. Zhang, and H. Zheng, Phys. Dark Universe 47, 101803 (2025).
  160. W. Hu, D. J. Eisenstein, and M. Tegmark, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 5255 (1998).
  161. A. Kiakotou, Ø. Elgarøy, and O. Lahav, Phys. Rev. D 77, 063005 (2008).
  162. A. Font-Ribera, P. McDonald, N. Mostek, B. A. Reid, H.-J. Seo, and A. Slosar , J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2014) 023.
  163. T. Brinckmann, D. C. Hooper, M. Archidiacono, J. Lesgourgues, and T. Sprenger, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2019) 059.
  164. A. M. Whitford, H. Rivera-Morales, C. Howlett, M. Vargas-Magaña et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 538, 1980 (2025).
  165. S. Bashinsky and U. Seljak, Phys. Rev. D 69, 083002 (2004).
  166. D. Baumann, D. Green, J. Meyers, and B. Wallisch, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2016) 007.
  167. D. Baumann, F. Beutler, R. Flauger, D. GreenA. Slosar, M. Vargas-Magaña, B. Wallisch, C. Yèche, Nat. Phys. 15, 465 (2019).
  168. M. Archidiacono, S. Hannestad, and J. Lesgourgues, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2020) 021.
  169. J. Lesgourgues and S. Pastor, arXiv:hep-ph/0505148.
  170. E. Di Valentino, T. Brinckmann, M. Gerbino, V. Poulin, and others, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2018) 017.
  171. L. Herold and M. Kamionkowski, Phys. Rev. D 111, 083518 (2025).
  172. B. Reid, S. Ho, N. Padmanabhan, W. J. Percival et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 455, 1553 (2016).
  173. Planck Collaboration, Astron. Astrophys. 594, A1 (2016).
  174. D. M. Scolnic, D. O. Jones, A. Rest, Y. C. Pan et al., Astrophys. J. 859, 101 (2018).
  175. C. Pitrou, A. Coc, J.-P. Uzan, and E. Vangioni, Phys. Rep. 754, 1 (2018).
  176. A. J. Ross, L. Samushia, C. Howlett, W. J. Percival, A. Burden, M. Manera, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 449, 835 (2015).
  177. F. Beutler, C. Blake, M. Colless, L. Staveley-Smith et al., in American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts (AAS, Washington, DC, 2012), Vol. 219, p. 402.01.
  178. E. Calabrese, A. Slosar, A. Melchiorri, G. F. Smoot, and O. Zahn, Phys. Rev. D 77, 123531 (2008).
  179. F. Renzi, E. Di Valentino, and A. Melchiorri, Phys. Rev. D 97, 123534 (2018).
  180. R. Mokeddem, W. S. Hipólito-Ricaldi, and A. Bernui, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2023) 017.
  181. X. T. Tang, D. Brout, T. Karwal, C. Chang, V. Miranda, and Maria Vincenzi, Astrophys. J. Lett. 983, L27 (2025).
  182. M. Vincenzi, R. Kessler, P. Shah, J. Lee et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 541, 2585 (2025).
  183. F. James and M. Roos, Comput. Phys. Commun. 10, 343 (1975).
  184. H. Dembinski and P. O. et al., scikit-hep/iminuit (2020).
  185. L. Herold, E. G. M. Ferreira, and L. Heinrich, Phys. Rev. D 111, 083504 (2025).
  186. G. J. Feldman and R. D. Cousins, Phys. Rev. D 57, 3873 (1998).
  187. K. Lodha, R. Calderon, W. L. Matthewson, A. Shafieloo et al. (DESI Collaboration), companion paper, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083511 (2025).
  188. W. L. Freedman, B. F. Madore, I. S. Jang, T. J. Hoyt et al., arXiv:2408.06153.
  189. I. G. McCarthy, S. Bird, J. Schaye, J. Harnois-Deraps, A. S. Font, and L. van Waerbeke, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 476, 2999 (2018).
  190. E. Di Valentino, A. Melchiorri, and J. Silk, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2020) 013.
  191. Y. Akrami, K. J. Andersen, M. Ashdown et al. (Planck Collaboration), Astron. Astrophys. 643, A42 (2020).
  192. G. Hinshaw, D. Larson, E. Komatsu, D. N. Spergel et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 208, 19 (2013).
  193. D. Paoletti, D. K. Hazra, F. Finelli, and G. F. Smoot, arXiv:2405.09506.
  194. J. B. Muñoz, J. Mirocha, J. Chisholm, S. R. Furlanetto, and C. Mason, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 535, L37 (2024).
  195. G. D. Becker, J. S. Bolton, P. Madau, M. Pettini, E. V. Ryan-Weber, and B. P. Venemans, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 447, 3402 (2015).
  196. R. J. Bouwens, G. D. Illingworth, P. A. Oesch, J. Caruana, B. Holwerda, R. Smit, and S. Wilkins, Astrophys. J. 811, 140 (2015).
  197. R. Adam, N. Aghanim, M. Ashdown et al. (Planck Collaboration), Astron. Astrophys. 596, A108 (2016).
  198. G. Kulkarni, L. C. Keating, M. G. Haehnelt, S. E. I. Bosman, E. Puchwein, J. Chardin, and D. Aubert, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 485, L24 (2019).
  199. T. R. Choudhury, A. Paranjape, and S. E. I. Bosman, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 501, 5782 (2021).
  200. Y. Zhu, G. D. Becker, S. E. I. Bosman, C. Cain et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 533, L49 (2024).
  201. S. R. Choudhury and S. Choubey, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2018) 017.
  202. S. Gariazzo, O. Mena, and T. Schwetz, Phys. Dark Universe 40, 101226 (2023).
  203. M. Raveri, G. Zacharegkas, and W. Hu, Phys. Rev. D 101, 103527 (2020).
  204. M. Raveri and C. Doux, Phys. Rev. D 104, 043504 (2021).
  205. J. E. Bautista, R. Paviot, M. Vargas Magaña, S. de la Torre et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 500, 736 (2021).
  206. H. Gil-Marín, J. E. Bautista, R. Paviot, M. Vargas-Magaña et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 498, 2492 (2020).
  207. P. D. Serpico, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 171301 (2007).
  208. M. Escudero and M. Fairbairn, Phys. Rev. D 100, 103531 (2019).
  209. M. Escudero, J. Lopez-Pavon, N. Rius, and S. Sandner, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2020) 119.
  210. Z. Chacko, A. Dev, P. Du, V. Poulin et al., Phys. Rev. D 103, 043519 (2021).
  211. G. F. Abellán, Z. Chacko, A. Dev, P. Du, V. Poulin, and Y. Tsai, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2022) 076.
  212. I. Esteban and J. Salvado, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2021) 036.
  213. M. Archidiacono, E. Castorina, D. Redigolo, and E. Salvioni, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2022) 074.
  214. I. Esteban, O. Mena, and J. Salvado, Phys. Rev. D 106, 083516 (2022).
  215. Z. Bogorad, P. Graham, and H. Ramani, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2025) 006.
  216. S. Bottaro, E. Castorina, M. Costa, D. Redigolo, and E. Salvioni, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 201002 (2024).
  217. D. E. Kaplan, X. Luo, and S. Rajendran, Phys. Rev. D 111, 055019 (2025).
  218. M. Baryakhtar, O. Simon, and Z. J. Weiner, Phys. Rev. D 110, 083505 (2024).
  219. G. P. Lynch, L. Knox, and J. Chluba, Phys. Rev. D 110, 083538 (2024).
  220. S. Hamidreza Mirpoorian, K. Jedamzik, and L. Pogosian, Phys. Rev. D 111, 083519 (2025).
  221. http://www.dirac.ac.uk.
  222. https://www.desi.lbl.gov/collaborating-institutions.
  223. Data Release 2, https://data.desi.lbl.gov/doc/releases/.
  224. DESI DR2 BAO likelihoods for the cobaya code are available at https://github.com/CobayaSampler/bao_data.
  225. C.-P. Ma and E. Bertschinger, Astrophys. J. 455, 7 (1995).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, 083513– Published 6 October, 2025
  • Received 3 April 2025
  • Accepted 4 August 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation