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Multiprobe constraints on early and late time dark energy

Alexander Reeves1,*, Simone Ferraro2,3, Andrina Nicola4, and Alexandre Refregier1

  • *Contact author: areeves@phys.ethz.ch
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 103512 – Published 7 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/w737-nk6r

Abstract

We perform a multiprobe analysis combining cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from Planck and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), ACT CMB lensing, and large-scale structure (LSS) measurements from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), including DESI Legacy Imaging Survey (LS) galaxies and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs). We present the first 5×2  pt analysis of ACT DR6 lensing, DESI LS, and Planck Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW). Within ΛCDM, this yields S8=σ8(Ωm/0.3)0.5=0.819±0.016, in good agreement with primary CMB inferences and provides a sound-horizon-free Hubble constant constraint of H0=70.0±4.4  km s−1  Mpc−1. Then, combining with CMB primary and BAO, we reconfirm a CMB–BAO discrepancy in the Ωm–Dvrd plane, which is heightened when combining BAO with the 5×2  pt data vector. We explore two dark-energy extensions that may reconcile this: an early-time modification, early dark energy (EDE), and late-time dynamical dark energy (DDE) parametrized by w0wa. For CMB primary+BAO+5×2  pt, we find a 3.3σ preference for DDE over ΛCDM, while EDE is modestly favored at 2.3σ. The models address different shortcomings of ΛCDM: DDE relaxes the neutrino mass bound (Mν<0.17  eV vs <0.050  eV under ΛCDM), making it compatible with neutrino oscillation measurements, while EDE raises the Hubble constant to H0=70.5±1.2  km s−1 Mpc−1, easing the discrepancy with SH0ES. However, neither model resolves both issues simultaneously. Our analysis indicates that both DDE and EDE remain viable extensions of ΛCDM within current uncertainties and demonstrates the capacity of combined probes to place increasingly stringent constraints on cosmological parameters.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 103512– Published 7 May, 2026
  • Received 7 November 2025
  • Accepted 23 March 2026
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