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Extended dark energy analysis using DESI DR2 BAO measurements

K. Lodha1,2, R. Calderon3, W. L. Matthewson1, A. Shafieloo1,2, M. Ishak4, J. Pan5, C. Garcia-Quintero6, D. Huterer5,7, G. Valogiannis8,9 et al. (DESI Collaboration)

G. Valogiannis8,9, L. A. Ureña-López10, N. V. Kamble4, D. Parkinson1, A. G. Kim11, G. B. Zhao12,13, J. L. Cervantes-Cota14, J. Rohlf15, F. Lozano-Rodríguez10, J. O. Román-Herrera10, M. Abdul-Karim16, J. Aguilar11, S. Ahlen15, O. Alves5, U. Andrade5,17, E. Armengaud16, A. Aviles18,19,20, J. Behera21, S. BenZvi22, D. Bianchi23,24, A. Brodzeller11, D. Brooks25, E. Burtin16, R. Canning26, A. Carnero Rosell27,28, L. Casas29, F. J. Castander30,31, M. Charles32, E. Chaussidon11, J. Chaves-Montero29, D. Chebat16, T. Claybaugh11, S. Cole33, A. Cuceu11, K. S. Dawson34, A. de la Macorra20, A. de Mattia16, N. Deiosso35, R. Demina22, Arjun Dey36, Biprateep Dey37,38, Z. Ding39, P. Doel25, D. J. Eisenstein6, W. Elbers33, S. Ferraro11,40, A. Font-Ribera29, J. E. Forero-Romero41,42, Lehman H. Garrison43,44, E. Gaztañaga30,26,31, H. Gil-Marín30,45,46, S. Gontcho A. Gontcho11, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales10, G. Gutierrez9, J. Guy11, C. Hahn47, M. Herbold32, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar16,48, K. Honscheid32,49,50, C. Howlett51, S. Juneau36, R. Kehoe52, D. Kirkby53, T. Kisner11, A. Kremin11, O. Lahav25, C. Lamman6, M. Landriau11, L. Le Guillou54, A. Leauthaud55,56, M. E. Levi11, Q. Li34, C. Magneville16, M. Manera29,57, P. Martini49,32,58, A. Meisner36, J. Mena-Fernández59, R. Miquel29,60, J. Moustakas61, D. Muñoz Santos62, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez20, A. D. Myers63, S. Nadathur26, G. Niz10,18, H. E. Noriega19,20, E. Paillas47,64, N. Palanque-Delabrouille16,11, W. J. Percival65,66,67, Matthew M. Pieri62, C. Poppett11,40,68, F. Prada69, A. Pérez-Fernández70, I. Pérez-Ràfols71, C. Ramírez-Pérez29, M. Rashkovetskyi6, C. Ravoux72, A. J. Ross49,58,32, G. Rossi73, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider16, L. Samushia21,74,75, E. Sanchez35, D. Schlegel11, M. Schubnell7,5, H. Seo76, F. Sinigaglia27,28, D. Sprayberry36, T. Tan16, G. Tarlé5, P. Taylor32, W. Turner49,58,32, M. Vargas-Magaña20, M. Walther77,78, B. A. Weaver36, M. Wolfson32, C. Yèche16, P. Zarrouk54, R. Zhou11, and H. Zou12 (DESI Collaboration)

  • 1Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
  • 2University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
  • 3CEICO, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 4Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
  • 5University of Michigan, 500 South State Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 6Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
  • 7Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 8Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
  • 9Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
  • 10Departamento de Física, DCI-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, León, Guanajuato C. P. 37150, México
  • 11Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 12National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
  • 13School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
  • 14Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carreterra México-Toluca S/N, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Edo. de México C.P. 52750, México
  • 15Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
  • 16IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
  • 17Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
  • 18Instituto Avanzado de Cosmología A. C., San Marcos 11-Atenas 202. Magdalena Contreras. Ciudad de México C. P. 10720, México
  • 19Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62210, México
  • 20Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México C. P. 04510, México
  • 21Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
  • 22Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, 206 Bausch and Lomb Hall, P.O. Box 270171, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA
  • 23Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano I-20133, Italy
  • 24INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, Milano 20122, Italy
  • 25Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
  • 26Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
  • 27Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • 28Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/ Vía Láctea, s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • 29Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
  • 30Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c/ Esteve Terradas 1, Edifici RDIT, Campus PMT-UPC, Castelldefels 08860, Spain
  • 31Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08913, Spain
  • 32The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 33Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
  • 34Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Utah, 115 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
  • 35CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, Madrid E-28040, Spain
  • 36NSF NOIRLab, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
  • 37Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
  • 38Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
  • 39University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, People’s Republic of China
  • 40University of California, Berkeley, 110 Sproul Hall No. 5800 Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 41Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, CP 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 42Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, CP 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
  • 43Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
  • 44Scientific Computing Core, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
  • 45Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona E08028, Spain
  • 46Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
  • 47Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
  • 48Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, Paris 75014, France
  • 49Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 50Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 51School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
  • 52Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
  • 53Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
  • 54Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Paris FR-75005, France
  • 55Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, UCO/Lick Observatory, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
  • 56Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95065, USA
  • 57Departament de Física, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
  • 58Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 59Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, 53 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
  • 60Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
  • 61Department of Physics and Astronomy, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, USA
  • 62Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
  • 63Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University, Department 3905, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
  • 64Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Avenida Ejército Libertador 441, Santiago, Chile
  • 65Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 66Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
  • 67Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 68Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 69Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, Granada E-18008, Spain
  • 70Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Gießenbachstraße 1, Garching 85748, Germany
  • 71Departament de Física, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, Barcelona 08930, Spain
  • 72Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, LPCA, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
  • 73Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
  • 74Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory, Tbilisi GE-0179, Georgia
  • 75Faculty of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, 0194 Tbilisi, Georgia
  • 76Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, 139 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
  • 77Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstrasse 2, Garching D-85748, Germany
  • 78University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstrasse 1, München 81677, Germany

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 083511 – Published 6 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/w4c6-1r5j

Abstract

We conduct an extended analysis of dark energy constraints, in support of the findings of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) second data release cosmology key paper, including DESI data, Planck cosmic microwave background observations, and three different supernova compilations. Using a broad range of parametric and nonparametric methods, we explore the dark energy phenomenology and find consistent trends across all approaches, in good agreement with the w0waCDM (cold dark matter) key paper results. Even with the additional flexibility introduced by nonparametric approaches, such as binning and Gaussian processes, we find that extending ΛCDM to include a two-parameter w(z) is sufficient to capture the trends present in the data. Finally, we examine three dark energy classes with distinct dynamics, including quintessence scenarios satisfying w≥−1, to explore what underlying physics can explain such deviations. The current data indicate a clear preference for models that feature a phantom crossing; although alternatives lacking this feature are disfavored, they cannot yet be ruled out. Our analysis confirms that the evidence for dynamical dark energy, particularly at low redshift (z≲0.3), is robust and stable under different modeling choices.

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Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Viewpoint

Rethinking Our Place in the Universe

Published 6 October, 2025

The new map of the Universe’s expansion history released by the DESI Collaboration offers hints at a breakdown of the standard model of cosmology.

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Article Text

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 083511– Published 6 October, 2025
  • Received 1 April 2025
  • Accepted 28 July 2025
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