- Open Access
Vectorlike lepton imprints at lepton measurements and colliders
Phys. Rev. D 113, 035025 – Published 23 February, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/w45p-zqx4
Abstract
A fermion can be chiral or vectorlike with respect to a given symmetry, depending on its coupling to the corresponding gauge boson. Vectorlike fermions have a distinct property that their left- and right-handed components behave in the same way under the gauge symmetry. In this paper, we investigate an extension of the standard model with an doublet of vectorlike leptons and two complex scalars. The new physics effects on the lepton anomalous magnetic moment, as well as the electron and muon pair production processes at colliders are analyzed. Taking into account the updated measurement results of the electron and muon , as well as the Large Electron-Positron Collider and the LHC data, the viable parameter space of the model is identified. We also examine the prospect of testing the model using signals from electron-position annihilation at the Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee). The analysis shows that the FCC-ee will be able to exclude a significant part of the parameter space, pinpointing exiguous viable regions to be tested in the future due to its high precision.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
References (208)
- H. Georgi and S. L. Glashow, Gauge theories without anomalies, Phys. Rev. D 6, 429 (1972).
- A. De Rujula, H. Georgi, and S. L. Glashow, Vector model of the weak interactions, Phys. Rev. D 12, 3589 (1975).
- H. Fritzsch, M. Gell-Mann, and P. Minkowski, Vector—like weak currents and new elementary fermions, Phys. Lett. 59B, 256 (1975).
- F. del Aguila, L. Ametller, G. L. Kane, and J. Vidal, Vector like fermion and standard Higgs production at hadron colliders, Nucl. Phys. B334, 1 (1990).
- H.-C. Cheng, B. A. Dobrescu, and C. T. Hill, Electroweak symmetry breaking and extra dimensions, Nucl. Phys. B589, 249 (2000).
- F. del Aguila, M. Perez-Victoria, and J. Santiago, Observable contributions of new exotic quarks to quark mixing, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2000) 011.
- N. Arkani-Hamed, A. G. Cohen, E. Katz, and A. E. Nelson, The littlest Higgs, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2002) 034.
- T. Han, H. E. Logan, B. McElrath, and L.-T. Wang, Loop induced decays of the little Higgs: H— gg, gamma gamma, Phys. Lett. B 563, 191 (2003).
- H.-C. Cheng, I. Low, and L.-T. Wang, Top partners in little Higgs theories with T-parity, Phys. Rev. D 74, 055001 (2006).
- J. Kang, P. Langacker, and B. D. Nelson, Theory and phenomenology of exotic isosinglet quarks and squarks, Phys. Rev. D 77, 035003 (2008).
- G. Cacciapaglia, A. Deandrea, L. Panizzi, N. Gaur, D. Harada, and Y. Okada, Heavy vector-like top partners at the LHC and flavour constraints, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2012) 070.
- J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, R. Benbrik, S. Heinemeyer, and M. Pérez-Victoria, Handbook of vectorlike quarks: Mixing and single production, Phys. Rev. D 88, 094010 (2013).
- S. A. R. Ellis, R. M. Godbole, S. Gopalakrishna, and J. D. Wells, Survey of vector-like fermion extensions of the standard model and their phenomenological implications, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2014) 130.
- A. Angelescu, A. Djouadi, and G. Moreau, Scenarii for interpretations of the LHC diphoton excess: Two Higgs doublets and vector-like quarks and leptons, Phys. Lett. B 756, 126 (2016).
- A. Arhrib, R. Benbrik, S. J. D. King, B. Manaut, S. Moretti, and C. S. Un, Phenomenology of 2HDM with vectorlike quarks, Phys. Rev. D 97, 095015 (2018).
- D. Barducci and L. Panizzi, Vector-like quarks coupling discrimination at the LHC and future hadron colliders, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2017) 057.
- G. Cacciapaglia, A. Carvalho, A. Deandrea, T. Flacke, B. Fuks, D. Majumder, L. Panizzi, and H.-S. Shao, Next-to-leading-order predictions for single vector-like quark production at the LHC, Phys. Lett. B 793, 206 (2019).
- A. Arhrib, R. Benbrik, J. El Falaki, M. Sampaio, and R. Santos, Pseudoscalar decays to gauge bosons at the LHC and at a future 100 TeV collider, Phys. Rev. D 99, 035043 (2019).
- J. Song and Y. W. Yoon, decay of the elusive charged Higgs boson in the two-Higgs-doublet model with vectorlike fermions, Phys. Rev. D 100, 055006 (2019).
- S. Bhattacharya, S. Jahedi, and J. Wudka, Probing heavy charged fermions at collider using the optimal observable technique, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2022) 009.
- A. E. Cárcamo Hernández, K. Kowalska, H. Lee, and D. Rizzo, Global analysis and LHC study of a vectorlike extension of the standard model with extra scalars, Phys. Rev. D 109, 035010 (2024).
- G. C. Branco, J. F. Bastos, and J. I. Silva-Marcos, Do the small numbers in the quark mixing arise from new physics?, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 141 (2023).
- A. E. Cárcamo Hernández, S. F. King, and H. Lee, Z mediated flavor changing neutral currents with a fourth vectorlike family, Phys. Rev. D 105, 015021 (2022).
- D. Emmanuel-Costa and R. Gonzalez Felipe, Minimal string-scale unification of gauge couplings, Phys. Lett. B 623, 111 (2005).
- V. Barger, J. Jiang, P. Langacker, and T. Li, String scale gauge coupling unification with vector-like exotics and non-canonical U(1)(Y) normalization, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 22, 6203 (2007).
- R. Dermisek, Unification of gauge couplings in the standard model with extra vectorlike families, Phys. Rev. D 87, 055008 (2013).
- I. Dorsner, S. Fajfer, and I. Mustac, Light vector-like fermions in a minimal SU(5) setup, Phys. Rev. D 89, 115004 (2014).
- B. Bhattacherjee, P. Byakti, A. Kushwaha, and S. K. Vempati, Unification with vector-like fermions and signals at LHC, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2018) 090.
- K. Kowalska and D. Kumar, Road map through the desert: Unification with vector-like fermions, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2019) 094.
- U. C. Olivas, K. Kowalska, and D. Kumar, Road map through the desert with scalars, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2022) 132.
- K. Blum, R. T. D’Agnolo, and J. Fan, Vacuum stability bounds on Higgs coupling deviations in the absence of new bosons, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2015) 166.
- S. Gopalakrishna and A. Velusamy, Higgs vacuum stability with vectorlike fermions, Phys. Rev. D 99, 115020 (2019).
- A. Arsenault, K. Y. Cingiloglu, and M. Frank, Vacuum stability in the standard model with vectorlike fermions, Phys. Rev. D 107, 036018 (2023).
- G. Hiller, T. Höhne, D. F. Litim, and T. Steudtner, Portals into Higgs vacuum stability, Phys. Rev. D 106, 115004 (2022).
- G. Hiller, T. Höhne, D. F. Litim, and T. Steudtner, Vacuum stability as a guide for model building, in 57th Rencontres de Moriond on Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories (2023).
- A. Adhikary, M. Olechowski, J. Rosiek, and M. Ryczkowski, Theoretical constraints on models with vectorlike fermions, Phys. Rev. D 110, 075029 (2024).
- K. Y. Cingiloglu and M. Frank, Stability of the standard model vacuum with vectorlike leptons: A critical examination, Phys. Rev. D 111, 016025 (2025).
- D. Aristizabal Sierra, F. Staub, and A. Vicente, Shedding light on the anomalies with a dark sector, Phys. Rev. D 92, 015001 (2015).
- S. Q. Dinh and H. M. Tran, Muon and semileptonic B decays in the Bélanger-Delaunay-Westhoff model with gauge kinetic mixing, Phys. Rev. D 104, 115009 (2021).
- G. Bélanger, C. Delaunay, and S. Westhoff, A dark matter relic from muon anomalies, Phys. Rev. D 92, 055021 (2015).
- G. Bélanger and C. Delaunay, A dark Sector for , and a diphoton resonance, Phys. Rev. D 94, 075019 (2016).
- J. Kawamura, S. Raby, and A. Trautner, Complete vectorlike fourth family and new U(1)’ for muon anomalies, Phys. Rev. D 100, 055030 (2019).
- A. L. Cherchiglia, G. De Conto, and C. C. Nishi, Flavor constraints for a vector-like quark of Nelson-Barr type, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2021) 093.
- K. Cheung, W.-Y. Keung, C.-T. Lu, and P.-Y. Tseng, Vector-like quark interpretation for the CKM unitarity violation, excess in Higgs signal strength, and bottom quark forward-backward asymmetry, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2020) 117.
- A. Crivellin, F. Kirk, C. A. Manzari, and M. Montull, Global electroweak fit and vector-like leptons in light of the Cabibbo angle anomaly, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2020) 166.
- S. Q. Dinh and H. M. Tran, A model with vectorlike fermions and symmetry: CKM unitarity, transitions, and prospect at Belle II, Nucl. Phys. B997, 116384 (2023).
- J. M. Alves, G. C. Branco, A. L. Cherchiglia, C. C. Nishi, J. T. Penedo, P. M. F. Pereira et al., Vector-like singlet quarks: A roadmap, Phys. Rep. 1057, 1 (2024).
- B. Belfatto and Z. Berezhiani, Are the CKM anomalies induced by vector-like quarks? Limits from flavor changing and standard model precision tests, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2021) 079.
- G. C. Branco, J. T. Penedo, P. M. F. Pereira, M. N. Rebelo, and J. I. Silva-Marcos, Addressing the CKM unitarity problem with a vector-like up quark, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2021) 099.
- S. Balaji, Asymmetry in flavour changing electromagnetic transitions of vector-like quarks, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2022) 015.
- A. Crivellin, M. Hoferichter, M. Kirk, C. A. Manzari, and L. Schnell, First-generation new physics in simplified models: From low-energy parity violation to the LHC, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2021) 221.
- ATLAS Collaboration, Search for single production of a vectorlike quark decaying into a Higgs boson and top quark with fully hadronic final states using the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. D 105, 092012 (2022).
- ATLAS Collaboration, Search for pair-production of vector-like quarks in pp collision events at s=13 TeV with at least one leptonically decaying Z boson and a third-generation quark with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Lett. B 843, 138019 (2023).
- ATLAS Collaboration, Search for pair-produced vector-like top and bottom partners in events with large missing transverse momentum in pp collisions with the ATLAS detector, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 719 (2023).
- ATLAS Collaboration, Search for single production of vector-like T quarks decaying into Ht or Zt in pp collisions at with the ATLAS detector, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2023) 153.
- ATLAS Collaboration, Search for singly produced vectorlike top partners in multilepton final states with 139 fb-1 of pp collision data at s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. D 109, 112012 (2024).
- CMS Collaboration, Search for single production of a vector-like T quark decaying to a top quark and a Z boson in the final state with jets and missing transverse momentum at , J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2022) 093.
- CMS Collaboration, Search for a W’ boson decaying to a vector-like quark and a top or bottom quark in the all-jets final state at , J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2022) 088.
- CMS Collaboration, Search for pair production of vector-like quarks in leptonic final states in proton-proton collisions at , J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2023) 020.
- CMS Collaboration, Search for a vector-like quark tH via the diphoton decay mode of the Higgs boson in proton-proton collisions at , J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2023) 057.
- CMS Collaboration, Search for pair-produced vector-like leptons in final states with third-generation leptons and at least three b quark jets in proton-proton collisions at s=13 TeV, Phys. Lett. B 846, 137713 (2023).
- ATLAS Collaboration, Search for third-generation vector-like leptons in collisions at with the ATLAS detector, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2023) 118.
- K. Kannike, M. Raidal, D. M. Straub, and A. Strumia, Anthropic solution to the magnetic muon anomaly: The charged see-saw, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2012) 106.
- R. Dermisek and A. Raval, Explanation of the muon anomaly with vectorlike leptons and its implications for Higgs decays, Phys. Rev. D 88, 013017 (2013).
- K. Ishiwata and M. B. Wise, Phenomenology of heavy vectorlike leptons, Phys. Rev. D 88, 055009 (2013).
- A. Falkowski, D. M. Straub, and A. Vicente, Vector-like leptons: Higgs decays and collider phenomenology, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2014) 092.
- F. S. Queiroz and W. Shepherd, New physics contributions to the muon anomalous magnetic moment: A numerical code, Phys. Rev. D 89, 095024 (2014).
- A. Freitas, J. Lykken, S. Kell, and S. Westhoff, Testing the muon anomaly at the LHC, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2014) 145.
- A. Aboubrahim, T. Ibrahim, and P. Nath, Leptonic moments, phases and the Higgs boson mass constraint, Phys. Rev. D 94, 015032 (2016).
- K. Kowalska and E. M. Sessolo, Expectations for the muon in simplified models with dark matter, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2017) 112.
- Z. Poh and S. Raby, Vectorlike leptons: Muon anomaly, lepton flavor violation, Higgs boson decays, and lepton nonuniversality, Phys. Rev. D 96, 015032 (2017).
- A. Choudhury, L. Darmé, L. Roszkowski, E. M. Sessolo, and S. Trojanowski, Muon and related phenomenology in constrained vector-like extensions of the MSSM, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2017) 072.
- A. Choudhury, S. Rao, and L. Roszkowski, Impact of LHC data on Muon solutions in a vectorlike extension of the constrained MSSM, Phys. Rev. D 96, 075046 (2017).
- S. Raby and A. Trautner, Vectorlike chiral fourth family to explain muon anomalies, Phys. Rev. D 97, 095006 (2018).
- L. Calibbi, R. Ziegler, and J. Zupan, Minimal models for dark matter and the Muon anomaly, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2018) 046.
- A. Crivellin, M. Hoferichter, and P. Schmidt-Wellenburg, Combined explanations of and implications for a large muon EDM, Phys. Rev. D 98, 113002 (2018).
- P. Arnan, A. Crivellin, M. Fedele, and F. Mescia, Generic loop effects of new scalars and fermions in , and a vector-like generation, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2019) 118.
- J. Kawamura, S. Okawa, and Y. Omura, Current status and muon explanation of lepton portal dark matter, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2020) 042.
- A. S. De Jesus, S. Kovalenko, F. S. Queiroz, C. Siqueira, and K. Sinha, Vectorlike leptons and inert scalar triplet: Lepton flavor violation, , and collider searches, Phys. Rev. D 102, 035004 (2020).
- M. Endo and S. Mishima, Muon and CKM unitarity in extra lepton models, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2020) 004.
- D. Huang, A. P. Morais, and R. Santos, Anomalies in -meson decays and the Muon from dark loops, Phys. Rev. D 102, 075009 (2020).
- S. Jana, P. K. Vishnu, W. Rodejohann, and S. Saad, Dark matter assisted lepton anomalous magnetic moments and neutrino masses, Phys. Rev. D 102, 075003 (2020).
- M. Frank and I. Saha, Muon anomalous magnetic moment in two-Higgs-doublet models with vectorlike leptons, Phys. Rev. D 102, 115034 (2020).
- E. J. Chun and T. Mondal, Explaining anomalies in two Higgs doublet model with vector-like leptons, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2020) 077.
- N. Chakrabarty, Doubly charged scalars and vector-like leptons confronting the muon anomaly and Higgs vacuum stability, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 136, 1183 (2021).
- R. Dermisek, K. Hermanek, and N. McGinnis, Muon in two-Higgs-doublet models with vectorlike leptons, Phys. Rev. D 104, 055033 (2021).
- P. M. Ferreira, B. L. Gonçalves, F. R. Joaquim, and M. Sher, in the 2HDM and slightly beyond: An updated view, Phys. Rev. D 104, 053008 (2021).
- P. Athron, C. Balázs, D. H. J. Jacob, W. Kotlarski, D. Stöckinger, and H. Stöckinger-Kim, New physics explanations of in light of the FNAL muon measurement, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2021) 080.
- A. E. C. Hernández, S. Kovalenko, M. Maniatis, and I. Schmidt, Fermion mass hierarchy and anomalies in an extended 3HDM Model, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2021) 036.
- N. Arkani-Hamed and K. Harigaya, Naturalness and the muon magnetic moment, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2021) 025.
- B. D. Sáez and K. Ghorbani, Singlet scalars as dark matter and the muon anomaly, Phys. Lett. B 823, 136750 (2021).
- C. Bonilla, A. E. Cárcamo Hernández, J. Gonçalves, F. F. Freitas, A. P. Morais, and R. Pasechnik, Collider signatures of vector-like fermions from a flavor symmetric model, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2022) 154.
- A. E. C. Hernández, D. T. Huong, and I. Schmidt, Universal inverse seesaw mechanism as a source of the SM fermion mass hierarchy, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 63 (2022).
- P. Ko, T. Nomura, and H. Okada, Muon , anomalies, and leptophilic dark matter in gauge symmetry, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2022) 098.
- A. L. Cherchiglia, G. De Conto, and C. C. Nishi, Leptonic violation from a vector-like lepton, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2022) 010.
- H. M. Lee and K. Yamashita, A model of vector-like leptons for the muon and the W boson mass, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 661 (2022).
- J. Kawamura, S. Okawa, and Y. Omura, W boson mass and muon in a lepton portal dark matter model, Phys. Rev. D 106, 015005 (2022).
- K. I. Nagao, T. Nomura, and H. Okada, A model explaining the new CDF II W boson mass linking to muon and dark matter, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 138, 365 (2023).
- T. Brune, T. W. Kephart, and H. Päs, Muon anomaly from vector-like leptons in a 2-Higgs-doublet + scalar singlet model, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 1254 (2024).
- R. Dermisek, K. Hermanek, N. McGinnis, and S. Yoon, Ellipse of muon dipole moments, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 221801 (2022).
- M. Raju, A. Mukherjee, and J. P. Saha, Investigation of anomaly in the -specific 2HDM with vector like leptons and the phenomenological implications, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 429 (2023).
- G. N. Wojcik, L. L. Everett, S. T. Eu, and R. Ximenes, Portal matter, kinetic mixing, and muon , Phys. Lett. B 841, 137931 (2023).
- K. Hamaguchi, N. Nagata, G. Osaki, and S.-Y. Tseng, Probing new physics in the vector-like lepton model by lepton electric dipole moments, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2023) 100.
- R. Dermisek, K. Hermanek, N. McGinnis, and S. Yoon, Effective field theory of chirally enhanced muon mass and dipole operators, Phys. Rev. D 107, 095043 (2023).
- G. Lourenço, A. Milagre, R. Santos, and J. P. Silva, Precision muon-related observables as a tool to constrain new physics models, Nucl. Phys. B1004, 116540 (2024).
- N. T. Duy, D. T. Huong, and A. E. Carcamo Hernandez, Flavor phenomenology of an extended 2HDM with inverse seesaw mechanism, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2025, 053B04 (2025).
- K. Möhling, D. Stöckinger, and H. Stöckinger-Kim, On-shell renormalization with vector-like leptons, one-loop muon–Higgs coupling and muon g , J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2024) 170.
- P. Athron, K. Möhling, D. Stöckinger, and H. Stöckinger-Kim, The muon magnetic moment and physics beyond the standard model, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 148, 104225 (2026).
- Muon Collaboration, Measurement of the positive muon anomalous magnetic moment to 127 ppb, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 101802 (2025).
- Muon Collaboration, Final report of the Muon E821 anomalous magnetic moment measurement at BNL, Phys. Rev. D 73, 072003 (2006).
- Muon Collaboration, Muon () technical design report, arXiv:1501.06858.
- J-PARC g-2 Collaboration, New g-2 experiment at J-PARC, Chin. Phys. C 34, 745 (2010).
- S. Borsanyi et al., Leading hadronic contribution to the muon magnetic moment from lattice QCD, Nature (London) 593, 51 (2021).
- A. Boccaletti et al., High precision calculation of the hadronic vacuum polarisation contribution to the muon anomaly, arXiv:2407.10913.
- M. Cè et al., Window observable for the hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the muon from lattice QCD, Phys. Rev. D 106, 114502 (2022).
- Extended Twisted Mass Collaboration, Lattice calculation of the short and intermediate time-distance hadronic vacuum polarization contributions to the muon magnetic moment using twisted-mass fermions, Phys. Rev. D 107, 074506 (2023).
- RBC Collaboration and UKQCD Collaboration, Update of Euclidean windows of the hadronic vacuum polarization, Phys. Rev. D 108, 054507 (2023).
- S. Kuberski, M. Cè, G. von Hippel, H. B. Meyer, K. Ottnad, A. Risch, and H. Wittig, Hadronic vacuum polarization in the muon : The short-distance contribution from lattice QCD, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2024) 172.
- S. Spiegel and C. Lehner, High-precision continuum limit study of the HVP short-distance window, Phys. Rev. D 111, 114517 (2025).
- RBC Collaboration and UKQCD Collaboration, Long-distance window of the hadronic vacuum polarization for the muon , Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 201901 (2025).
- D. Djukanovic, G. von Hippel, S. Kuberski, H. B. Meyer, N. Miller, K. OttnadJ. Parrino, A. Risch, and H. Wittig, The hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the muon at long distances, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2025) 098.
- Extended Twisted Mass Collaboration, Strange and charm quark contributions to the muon anomalous magnetic moment in lattice QCD with twisted-mass fermions, Phys. Rev. D 111, 054502 (2025).
- MILC Collaboration, Fermilab Lattice Collaboration, and HPQCD Collaboration, Hadronic vacuum polarization for the muon from lattice QCD: Complete short and intermediate windows, Phys. Rev. D 111, 094508 (2025).
- Fermilab Lattice Collaboration, HPQCD Collaboration, and MILC Collaboration, Hadronic vacuum polarization for the muon from lattice QCD: Long-distance and full light-quark connected contribution, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 011901 (2025).
- R. Aliberti et al., The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon in the standard model: An update, Phys. Rep. 1143, 1 (2025).
- J. Lüdtke, M. Procura, and P. Stoffer, Dispersion relations for the hadronic VVA correlator, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2025) 130.
- M. Hoferichter, J. Lüdtke, L. Naterop, M. Procura, and P. Stoffer, Improved evaluation of the electroweak contribution to muon , Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 201801 (2025).
- J. Bijnens, N. Hermansson-Truedsson, L. Laub, and A. Rodríguez-Sánchez, The two-loop perturbative correction to the HLbL at short distances, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2021) 240.
- I. Danilkin, M. Hoferichter, and P. Stoffer, A dispersive estimate of scalar contributions to hadronic light-by-light scattering, Phys. Lett. B 820, 136502 (2021).
- D. Stamen, D. Hariharan, M. Hoferichter, B. Kubis, and P. Stoffer, Kaon electromagnetic form factors in dispersion theory, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 432 (2022).
- E. J. Estrada, S. Gonzàlez-Solís, A. Guevara, and P. Roig, Improved , , ’ transition form factors in resonance chiral theory and their contribution, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2024) 203.
- O. Deineka, I. Danilkin, and M. Vanderhaeghen, Dispersive estimate of the a0(980) contribution to (g-2), Phys. Rev. D 111, 034009 (2025).
- G. Eichmann, C. S. Fischer, T. Haeuser, and O. Regenfelder, Axial-vector and scalar contributions to hadronic light-by-light scattering, Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 445 (2025).
- M. Hoferichter, P. Stoffer, and M. Zillinger, Dispersion relation for hadronic light-by-light scattering: Subleading contributions, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2025) 121.
- S. Holz, M. Hoferichter, B.-L. Hoid, and B. Kubis, Dispersion relation for hadronic light-by-light scattering: and poles, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2025) 147.
- E.-H. Chao, R. J. Hudspith, A. Gérardin, J. R. Green, H. B. Meyer, and K. Ottnad, Hadronic light-by-light contribution to from lattice QCD: A complete calculation, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 651 (2021).
- E.-H. Chao, R. J. Hudspith, A. Gérardin, J. R. Green, and H. B. Meyer, The charm-quark contribution to light-by-light scattering in the muon () from lattice QCD, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 664 (2022).
- RBC Collaboration and UKQCD Collaboration, Hadronic light-by-light contribution to the muon anomaly from lattice QCD with infinite volume QED at physical pion mass, Phys. Rev. D 111, 014501 (2025).
- Z. Fodor, A. Gerardin, L. Lellouch, K. K. Szabo, B. C. Toth, and C. Zimmermann, Hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon at the physical pion mass, Phys. Rev. D 111, 114509 (2025).
- T. Aoyama, M. Hayakawa, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio, Complete Tenth-order QED Contribution to the muon , Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 111808 (2012).
- T. Aoyama, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio, Revised and improved value of the QED tenth-order electron anomalous magnetic moment, Phys. Rev. D 97, 036001 (2018).
- A. Czarnecki, W. J. Marciano, and A. Vainshtein, Refinements in electroweak contributions to the muon anomalous magnetic moment, Phys. Rev. D 67, 073006 (2003).
- C. Gnendiger, D. Stöckinger, and H. Stöckinger-Kim, The electroweak contributions to after the Higgs boson mass measurement, Phys. Rev. D 88, 053005 (2013).
- A. Gérardin, H. B. Meyer, and A. Nyffeler, Lattice calculation of the pion transition form factor with Wilson quarks, Phys. Rev. D 100, 034520 (2019).
- T. Blum, N. Christ, M. Hayakawa, T. Izubuchi, L. Jin, C. Jung et al., Hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the Muon anomalous magnetic moment from Lattice QCD, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 132002 (2020).
- X. Fan, T. G. Myers, B. A. D. Sukra, and G. Gabrielse, Measurement of the electron magnetic moment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 071801 (2023).
- T. Aoyama, M. Hayakawa, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio, Tenth-order QED contribution to the electron g-2 and an improved value of the fine structure constant, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 111807 (2012).
- T. Aoyama, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio, Theory of the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, Atoms 7, 28 (2019).
- S. Laporta, High-precision calculation of the 4-loop contribution to the electron g-2 in QED, Phys. Lett. B 772, 232 (2017).
- S. Volkov, Calculating the five-loop QED contribution to the electron anomalous magnetic moment: Graphs without lepton loops, Phys. Rev. D 100, 096004 (2019).
- S. Volkov, Calculation of the total 10th order QED contribution to the electron magnetic moment, Phys. Rev. D 110, 036001 (2024).
- T. Aoyama, M. Hayakawa, A. Hirayama, and M. Nio, Verification of the tenth-order QED contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron from diagrams without fermion loops, Phys. Rev. D 111, L031902 (2025).
- M. Hoferichter, P. Stoffer, and M. Zillinger, Hadronic light-by-light scattering in the anomalous magnetic moments of electron and , Phys. Lett. B 866, 139565 (2025).
- L. Di Luzio, A. Keshavarzi, A. Masiero, and P. Paradisi, Model-independent tests of the hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the muon , Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 011902 (2025).
- F. Jegerlehner and A. Nyffeler, The muon , Phys. Rep. 477, 1 (2009).
- J. Prades, E. de Rafael, and A. Vainshtein, The hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the muon and electron anomalous magnetic moments, Adv. Ser. Dir. High Energy Phys. 20, 303 (2009).
- L. Morel, Z. Yao, P. Cladé, and S. Guellati-Khélifa, Determination of the fine-structure constant with an accuracy of 81 parts per trillion, Nature (London) 588, 61 (2020).
- R. H. Parker, C. Yu, W. Zhong, B. Estey, and H. Müller, Measurement of the fine-structure constant as a test of the standard model, Science 360, 191 (2018).
- ALEPH Collaboration, DELPHI Collaboration, L3 Collaboration, OPAL Collaboration, and LEP Electroweak Collaboration, Electroweak measurements in electron-positron collisions at W-boson-pair energies at LEP, Phys. Rep. 532, 119 (2013).
- European Strategy Group Collaboration, 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, CERN Council, Geneva, 2020, 10.17181/ESU2020.
- C. Adolphsen et al., European strategy for particle physics—Accelerator R&D roadmap, CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr. 1, 1 (2022).
- P. Bambade et al., The international linear collider: A global project, arXiv:1903.01629.
- CLICdp Collaboration and CLIC Collaboration, The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC)—2018 summary report, CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr. 2, 1 (2018).
- CEPC Study Group Collaboration, CEPC conceptual design report: Volume 1—Accelerator, arXiv:1809.00285.
- CEPC Physics Study Group Collaboration, The physics potential of the CEPC. Prepared for the US Snowmass community planning exercise (Snowmass 2021), in Snowmass 2021 (2022), https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.08553.
- A. Blondel et al., LEP3: A high luminosity collider to study the Higgs boson, arXiv:1208.0504.
- C. Anastopoulos et al., LEP3: A high-luminosity Higgs and electroweak factory in the LHC tunnel, arXiv:2504.00541.
- FCC Collaboration, FCC-ee: The lepton collider: Future circular collider conceptual design report Volume 2, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 228, 261 (2019).
- ILC Collaboration, International linear collider reference design report Volume 2: Physics at the ILC, arXiv:0709.1893.
- H. Baer et al. (ILC Collaboration), eds., The international linear collider technical design report—Volume 2: Physics, arXiv:1306.6352.
- ILC Collaboration, The international linear collider. A global project, arXiv:1901.09829.
- P. Roloff, R. Franceschini, U. Schnoor, and A. Wulzer (CLIC Collaboration and CLICdp Collaboration), eds., The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC): Physics potential, arXiv:1812.07986.
- E. Sicking and R. Ström, From precision physics to the energy frontier with the Compact Linear Collider, Nat. Phys. 16, 386 (2020).
- FCC Collaboration, FCC physics opportunities: Future circular collider conceptual design report Volume 1, Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 474 (2019).
- FCC Collaboration, Future circular collider feasibility study report: Volume 1, Physics, experiments, detectors, Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 1468 (2025).
- FCC Collaboration, Future circular collider feasibility study report: Volume 2, Accelerators, technical infrastructure and safety, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 234, 5713 (2025).
- FCC Collaboration, Future circular collider feasibility study report: Volume 3, Civil engineering, implementation and sustainability, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 234, 5113 (2025).
- P. Janot, C. Grojean, F. Zimmermann, and M. Benedikt, Integrated Luminosities and Sequence of Events for the FCC Feasibility Study Report, 2024, 10.17181/yr3v6-dgh16.
- V. Shiltsev and F. Zimmermann, Modern and future colliders, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 015006 (2021).
- H. M. Tran, H. T. Nguyen, and Y. Kurihara, Two-Higgs-doublet model fitting and signals at the ILC, Phys. Rev. D 111, 035006 (2025).
- H. M. Tran and Y. Kurihara, Tau at colliders with momentum dependent form factor, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 108 (2021).
- H. M. Tran, T. Kon, and Y. Kurihara, Discrimination of SUSY breaking models using single-photon processes at future linear colliders, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 26, 949 (2011).
- C.-X. Yue, Y.-Q. Wang, X.-C. Sun, and X.-Y. Li, Single production of singlet vector-like leptons at the ILC, J. Phys. G 52, 025003 (2025).
- H. M. Tran, S. Q. Dinh, and T. Q. Trieu, Expected statistical uncertainties at future colliders, Europhys. Lett. 151, 34001 (2025).
- B. A. Erdelyi, R. Gröber, and N. Selimovic, Probing new physics with the electron Yukawa coupling, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2025) 135.
- P. Olgoso, P. Paradisi, and N. Selimovic, The dark side of a Tera-Z factory, arXiv:2507.17803.
- S. Jadach, W. Placzek, and B. F. L. Ward, BHWIDE 1.00: O(alpha) YFS exponentiated Monte Carlo for Bhabha scattering at wide angles for LEP-1/SLC and LEP-2, Phys. Lett. B 390, 298 (1997).
- S. Jadach et al., Event generators for Bhabha scattering, in CERN Workshop on LEP2 Physics (Followed by 2nd Meeting, 15-16 Jun 1995 and 3rd Meeting 2-3 Nov 1995) (1996).
- W. Placzek, S. Jadach, M. Melles, B. F. L. Ward, and S. A. Yost, Precision calculation of Bhabha scattering at LEP, in 4th International Symposium on Radiative Corrections: Applications of Quantum Field Theory to Phenomenology (1999), pp. 325–333.
- Two Fermion Working Group, Two-fermion production in electron-positron collisions: Two-fermion working group report, in LEP2 Monte Carlo Workshop (2000).
- Working Group on Radiative Corrections, Monte Carlo Generators for Low Energies Collaboration, Quest for precision in hadronic cross sections at low energy: Monte Carlo tools vs. experimental data, Eur. Phys. J. C 66, 585 (2010).
- D. Y. Bardin, P. Christova, M. Jack, L. Kalinovskaya, A. Olchevski, S. Riemann, ZFITTER v.6.21: A semianalytical program for fermion pair production in annihilation, Comput. Phys. Commun. 133, 229 (2001).
- D. Y. Bardin et al., ZFITTER: An analytical program for fermion pair production in annihilation, arXiv:hep-ph/9412201.
- A. B. Arbuzov, M. Awramik, M. Czakon, A. Freitas, M. W. Grunewald, K. Monig, S. Riemann, T. Riemann,ZFITTER: A semi-analytical program for fermion pair production in annihilation, from version 6.21 to version 6.42, Comput. Phys. Commun. 174, 728 (2006).
- A. Akhundov, A. Arbuzov, S. Riemann, and T. Riemann, The ZFITTER project, Phys. Part. Nucl. 45, 529 (2014).
- R. Mertig, M. Bohm, and A. Denner, FEYN CALC: Computer algebraic calculation of Feynman amplitudes, Comput. Phys. Commun. 64, 345 (1991).
- V. Shtabovenko, R. Mertig, and F. Orellana, New developments in feyncalc 9.0, Comput. Phys. Commun. 207, 432 (2016).
- V. Shtabovenko, R. Mertig, and F. Orellana, feyncalc 9.3: New features and improvements, Comput. Phys. Commun. 256, 107478 (2020).
- V. Shtabovenko, R. Mertig, and F. Orellana, feyncalc 10: Do multiloop integrals dream of computer codes?, Comput. Phys. Commun. 306, 109357 (2025).
- T. Hahn and M. Perez-Victoria, Automatized one loop calculations in four-dimensions and D-dimensions, Comput. Phys. Commun. 118, 153 (1999).
- G. J. van Oldenborgh and J. A. M. Vermaseren, New algorithms for one loop integrals, Z. Phys. C 46, 425 (1990).
- V. Shtabovenko, feynhelpers: Connecting feyncalc to FIRE and Package-X, Comput. Phys. Commun. 218, 48 (2017).
- DELPHI Collaboration, Measurement and interpretation of fermion-pair production at LEP energies above the Z resonance, Eur. Phys. J. C 45, 589 (2006).
- ATLAS Collaboration, The quest to discover supersymmetry at the ATLAS experiment, Phys. Rep. 1116, 261 (2025).
- CMS Collaboration, General search for supersymmetric particles in scenarios with compressed mass spectra using proton-proton collisions at .
- ALEPH Collaboration, Absolute lower limits on the masses of selectrons and sneutrinos in the MSSM, Phys. Lett. B 544, 73 (2002).
- DELPHI Collaboration, Searches for supersymmetric particles in collisions up to 208-GeV and interpretation of the results within the MSSM, Eur. Phys. J. C 31, 421 (2003).
- L3 Collaboration, Search for scalar leptons and scalar quarks at LEP, Phys. Lett. B 580, 37 (2004).