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Imprints of reheating dynamics on gravitational waves from phase transitions

Basabendu Barman1,*, Maciej Kierkla2,†, Marek Lewicki3,4,‡, and Marco Merchand5,§

  • *Contact author: basabendu.b@srmap.edu.in
  • †Contact author: maciej.kierkla@physics.uu.se
  • ‡Contact author: marek.lewicki@fuw.edu.pl
  • §Contact author: merchand.medina.marco.antonio.n1@f.mail.nagoya-u.ac.jp
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 023511 – Published 6 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/v9zj-29xj

Abstract

We investigate how perturbative reheating after inflation modifies the primordial gravitational wave (GW) spectrum generated by cosmological phase transitions. Within a specific inflationary setup, we show that the thermodynamic quantities that control the phase transition depend on the effective equation of state of the cosmological background, which is itself set by the form of the inflaton potential during reheating. Assuming reheating proceeds via perturbative dissipation of the inflaton condensate into boson or fermion pairs, we find that phase transitions taking place in this epoch generally produce GW signals that are systematically suppressed compared with the standard radiation-dominated scenario. We also identify characteristic spectral features that may arise in this case, which could serve as distinctive signatures of the modified expansion history during reheating.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 023511– Published 6 July, 2026
  • Received 18 May 2026
  • Accepted 9 June 2026
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