- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Quest for a phenomenologically consistent low cutoff theory

Sudhakantha Girmohanta1,2,* and Yu-Cheng Qiu1,3,†

  • *Contact author: sgirmohanta@sjtu.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: ethan.qiu@cityu.edu.hk
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 112, 095031 – Published 21 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/tzn7-4q3y

Abstract

The Randall-Sundrum model with the Higgs localized on the IR brane solves the gauge hierarchy problem. However, the associated low cutoff (Λ∼10  TeV) generically leads to unacceptably rapid nucleon decay and excessively large Majorana neutrino masses. Achieving consistency while simultaneously explaining the Yukawa hierarchy requires either a horizontal symmetry or a discrete gauged symmetry. We demonstrate that eliminating all dangerous operators within a horizontal symmetry framework must come with large and unattractive charge assignments, if possible at all. Hence, we consider an exact discrete gauged ZN symmetry, with fermion mass hierarchies generated via wave function overlap. We employ this to reproduce the current Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa and Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata structures. Assuming universal five-dimensional Yukawa couplings, generation-blind profile for right-handed neutrinos, and flat profile for the third generation SM doublets, it predicts Dirac neutrinos with a total mass ∼66  meV. Since the ZN charges must be generation blind, flavor observables serve as key probes.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (49)

  1. L. Randall and R. Sundrum, A large mass hierarchy from a small extra dimension, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3370 (1999).
  2. W. D. Goldberger and M. B. Wise, Modulus stabilization with bulk fields, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4922 (1999).
  3. C. Csaki, M. L. Graesser, and G. D. Kribs, Radion dynamics and electroweak physics, Phys. Rev. D 63, 065002 (2001).
  4. B. Bellazzini, C. Csaki, J. Hubisz, J. Serra, and J. Terning, A naturally light dilaton and a small cosmological constant, Eur. Phys. J. C 74, 2790 (2014).
  5. C. Csaki, J. Hubisz, and S. J. Lee, Radion phenomenology in realistic warped space models, Phys. Rev. D 76, 125015 (2007).
  6. S. Girmohanta, Y. Nakai, Y. Shigekami, and K. Tobioka, Light dilaton in rare meson decays and extraction of its CP property, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2023) 153.
  7. A. B. Beneito, I, J. Gargalionis, J. Herrero-Garcia, A. Santamaria, and M. A. Schmidt, An EFT approach to baryon number violation: Lower limits on the new physics scale and correlations between nucleon decay modes, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2023) 004.
  8. S. Weinberg, Baryon and lepton nonconserving processes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1566 (1979).
  9. C. D. Froggatt and H. B. Nielsen, Hierarchy of quark masses, Cabibbo angles and CP violation, Nucl. Phys. B147, 277 (1979).
  10. M. Leurer, Y. Nir, and N. Seiberg, Mass matrix models, Nucl. Phys. B398, 319 (1993).
  11. M. Leurer, Y. Nir, and N. Seiberg, Mass matrix models: The Sequel, Nucl. Phys. B420, 468 (1994).
  12. Y.-C. Qiu, J.-W. Wang, and T. T. Yanagida, Predictions of mee and neutrino mass from a consistent Froggatt-Nielsen model, Phys. Rev. D 108, 115021 (2023).
  13. S. J. Huber and Q. Shafi, Fermion masses, mixings and proton decay in a Randall-Sundrum model, Phys. Lett. B 498, 256 (2001).
  14. T. Gherghetta and A. Pomarol, Bulk fields and supersymmetry in a slice of AdS, Nucl. Phys. B586, 141 (2000).
  15. S. Chang, C. S. Kim, and M. Yamaguchi, Hierarchical mass structure of fermions in warped extra dimension, Phys. Rev. D 73, 033002 (2006).
  16. G. Perez and L. Randall, Natural neutrino masses and mixings from warped geometry, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2009) 077.
  17. K. Agashe, T. Okui, and R. Sundrum, A common origin for neutrino anarchy and charged hierarchies, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 101801 (2009).
  18. A. M. Iyer and S. K. Vempati, Lepton masses and flavor violation in Randall Sundrum model, Phys. Rev. D 86, 056005 (2012).
  19. B. Heidenreich and Y. Nakai, Natural supersymmetry in warped space, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2014) 182.
  20. J. M. Maldacena, The largeN limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2, 231 (1998).
  21. L. E. Ibanez and G. G. Ross, Discrete gauge symmetry anomalies, Phys. Lett. B 260, 291 (1991).
  22. K. S. Babu, I. Gogoladze, and K. Wang, Gauged baryon parity and nucleon stability, Phys. Lett. B 570, 32 (2003).
  23. H. Davoudiasl, R. Kitano, G. D. Kribs, and H. Murayama, Models of neutrino mass with a low cutoff scale, Phys. Rev. D 71, 113004 (2005).
  24. H. Nakajima and Y. Shinbara, Solutions to large B and L breaking in the Randall-Sundrum model, Phys. Lett. B 648, 294 (2007).
  25. C. Csaki, A. Falkowski, and A. Weiler, The flavor of the composite pseudo-Goldstone Higgs, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2008) 008.
  26. A. M. Iyer, K. Sridhar, and S. K. Vempati, Bulk Randall-Sundrum models, electroweak precision tests, and the 125 GeV Higgs, Phys. Rev. D 93, 075008 (2016).
  27. T. Banks and M. Dine, Note on discrete gauge anomalies, Phys. Rev. D 45, 1424 (1992).
  28. J. Heeck and V. Takhistov, Inclusive nucleon decay searches as a frontier of baryon number violation, Phys. Rev. D 101, 015005 (2020).
  29. S. Girmohanta and R. Shrock, Baryon-number-violating nucleon and dinucleon decays in a model with large extra dimensions, Phys. Rev. D 101, 015017 (2020).
  30. A. Allega et al. (SNO+ Collaboration), Improved search for invisible modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+detector, Phys. Rev. D 105, 112012 (2022).
  31. A. Abusleme et al. (JUNO Collaboration), JUNO sensitivity to invisible decay modes of neutrons, Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 5 (2025).
  32. V. Takhistov et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collaboration), Search for trilepton nucleon decay via p→e+νν and p→μ+νν in the Super-Kamiokande experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 101801 (2014).
  33. S. Nussinov and R. Shrock, N—anti-N oscillations in models with large extra dimensions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 171601 (2002).
  34. S. Girmohanta, R. N. Mohapatra, and R. Shrock, Neutrino masses and mixing in models with large extra dimensions and localized fermions, Phys. Rev. D 103, 015021 (2021).
  35. G. Isidori, Y. Nir, and G. Perez, Flavor physics constraints for physics beyond the standard model, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 60, 355 (2010).
  36. K. Agashe, G. Perez, and A. Soni, B-factory signals for a warped extra dimension, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 201804 (2004).
  37. K. Agashe, G. Perez, and A. Soni, Flavor structure of warped extra dimension models, Phys. Rev. D 71, 016002 (2005).
  38. C. Csaki, G. Perez, Z. Surujon, and A. Weiler, Flavor alignment via shining in RS, Phys. Rev. D 81, 075025 (2010).
  39. I. Esteban, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, I. Martinez-Soler, J. a. P. Pinheiro, and T. Schwetz, NuFit-6.0: Updated global analysis of three-flavor neutrino oscillations, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2024) 216.
  40. Z. Polonsky, Prospects for new physics in kaon decays, EPJ Web Conf. 312, 03001 (2024).
  41. A. Crivellin, S. Davidson, G. M. Pruna, and A. Signer, Renormalisation-group improved analysis of μ→e processes in a systematic effective-field-theory approach, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2017) 117.
  42. C. Cesarotti, Q. Lu, Y. Nakai, A. Parikh, and M. Reece, Interpreting the electron EDM constraint, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2018) 059.
  43. J. Aebischer, C. Bobeth, A. J. Buras, and J. Kumar, SMEFT ATLAS of ΔF=2 transitions, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2020) 187.
  44. D. Aloni, P. Asadi, Y. Nakai, M. Reece, and M. Suzuki, Spontaneous CP violation and horizontal symmetry in the MSSM: Toward lepton flavor naturalness, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2021) 031.
  45. K. Dick, M. Lindner, M. Ratz, and D. Wright, Leptogenesis with Dirac neutrinos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4039 (2000).
  46. S. Nishimura, C. Miyao, and H. Otsuka, Exploring the flavor structure of quarks and leptons with reinforcement learning, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2020) 021.
  47. C. Cornella, D. Curtin, E. T. Neil, and J. O. Thompson, Mapping and probing Froggatt-Nielsen solutions to the quark flavor puzzle, Phys. Rev. D 111, 015042 (2025).
  48. S. Nishimura, C. Miyao, and H. Otsuka, Reinforcement learning-based statistical search strategy for an axion model from flavor, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2025) 043.
  49. C. Giganti, S. Lavignac, and M. Zito, Neutrino oscillations: The rise of the PMNS paradigm, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 98, 1 (2018).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, 095031– Published 21 November, 2025
  • Received 19 May 2025
  • Accepted 21 October 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation