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    Constraints on primordial black holes from N-body simulations of the Eridanus II stellar cluster

    Julia Monika Koulen1,2,3,*, Stefano Profumo1,2,†, and Nolan Smyth1,2,‡

    • 1Department of Physics, 1156 High Street, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
    • 2Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
    • 3Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany

    • *Contact author: jmkoulen@ucsc.edu
    • Contact author: profumo@ucsc.edu
    • Contact author: nwsmyth@ucsc.edu

    Phys. Rev. D 113, 043035 – Published 17 February, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/tsbb-d9qj

    Abstract

    The evolution of old, compact stellar structures provides strong constraints on macroscopic dark matter candidates, such as primordial black holes (PBHs). In view of recent observational data for the Eridanus II dwarf galaxy, we perform the first N-body simulations of its central stellar cluster to model dynamical heating by PBHs. We find evidence that such candidates must be lighter than about one solar mass if they constitute the totality of the dark matter. We additionally derive constraints on the fraction of the dark matter in macroscopic objects as a function of mass, by modeling the remainder of the dark matter as standard, fluidlike cold dark matter.

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