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Challenges in the nonlinear evolution of unequal mass binaries in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity

Llibert Aresté Saló1,2,*, Daniela D. Doneva3,†, Katy Clough4,‡, Pau Figueras4,§, and Stoytcho S. Yazadjiev5,6,∥

  • 1Instituut voor Theoretische Fysica, KU Leuven. Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
  • 2Leuven Gravity Institute, KU Leuven. Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
  • 3Theoretical Astrophysics, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
  • 4School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
  • 5Department of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
  • 6Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akademik Georgi Bonchev Street 8, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria

  • *Contact author: llibert.arestesalo@kuleuven.be
  • †Contact author: daniela.doneva@uni-tuebingen.de
  • ‡Contact author: k.clough@qmul.ac.uk
  • §Contact author: p.figueras@qmul.ac.uk
  • ∥Contact author: yazad@phys.uni-sofia.bg
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 084022 – Published 8 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/tr7v-jhhm

Abstract

It has only recently become possible to simulate the full nonlinear dynamics of binary black holes in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet theories of gravity. The simulations remain technically challenging and evolutions of unequal mass binaries in particular have been difficult to follow through the merger. Even when the merger is successful, accurately quantifying the physical dephasing, as opposed to contributions from transients in the initial data and gauge adjustments, remains difficult. We show the first full simulations of 2∶1 and 3∶1 binaries through merger, and we discuss how specific choices in the setup affect the dephasing observed and our ability to obtain reliable results. In cases with weaker couplings, we match the expected PN value for the dephasing, whereas for larger couplings, eccentricity introduced by the initial data transients can lead to artificial deviations. Our work highlights the need for improvements in the initial data methods used, to ensure reliable waveforms are obtained for data analysis in beyond-GR models.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 084022– Published 8 October, 2025
  • Received 30 July 2025
  • Accepted 29 August 2025
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