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DESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraints

M. Abdul Karim1, J. Aguilar2, S. Ahlen3, S. Alam4, L. Allen5, C. Allende Prieto6,7, O. Alves8, A. Anand2, U. Andrade9,8 et al. (DESI Collaboration*)

U. Andrade9,8, E. Armengaud1, A. Aviles10,11, S. Bailey2, C. Baltay12, P. Bansal9,8, A. Bault2, J. Behera13, S. BenZvi14, D. Bianchi15,16, C. Blake17, S. Brieden18, A. Brodzeller2, D. Brooks19, E. Buckley-Geer20,21, E. Burtin1, R. Calderon22, R. Canning23, A. Carnero Rosell6,7, P. Carrilho18, L. Casas24, F. J. Castander45,46, M. Charles25, E. Chaussidon2, J. Chaves-Montero24, D. Chebat1, X. Chen12, T. Claybaugh2, S. Cole26, A. P. Cooper27, A. Cuceu2,†, K. S. Dawson28, A. de la Macorra29, A. de Mattia1, N. Deiosso30, J. Della Costa31,5, R. Demina14, A. Dey5, B. Dey32,33, Z. Ding34, P. Doel19, J. Edelstein35,36, D. J. Eisenstein37, W. Elbers26, P. Fagrelius5, K. Fanning38,39, E. Fernández-García40, S. Ferraro2,36, A. Font-Ribera24, J. E. Forero-Romero41,42, C. S. Frenk26, C. Garcia-Quintero37,†, L. H. Garrison43,44, E. Gaztañaga45,23,46, H. Gil-Marín47,45,48, S. Gontcho A. Gontcho2, D. Gonzalez49, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales49, C. Gordon24, D. Green50, G. Gutierrez21, J. Guy2, B. Hadzhiyska51,2,36, C. Hahn52, S. He53, M. Herbold25, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar54,1, M.-F. Ho9,8, K. Honscheid55,56,25, C. Howlett57, D. Huterer8, M. Ishak58, S. Juneau5, N. V. Kamble58, N. G. Karaçayl𝚤55,59,56,25, R. Kehoe60, S. Kent20,21, A. G. Kim2, D. Kirkby50, T. Kisner2, S. E. Koposov18,51, A. Kremin2, A. Krolewski61,62,63, O. Lahav19, C. Lamman37, M. Landriau2, D. Lang62, J. Lasker64, J. M. Le Goff1, L. Le Guillou65, A. Leauthaud66,67, M. E. Levi2, Q. Li28, T. S. Li32, K. Lodha68,69, M. Lokken24, F. Lozano-Rodríguez49, C. Magneville1, M. Manera70,24, P. Martini55,59,25, W. L. Matthewson68, A. Meisner5, J. Mena-Fernández71, A. Menegas26, T. Mergulhão18, R. Miquel72,24, J. Moustakas73, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez29, D. Muñoz-Santos74, A. D. Myers75, S. Nadathur23, K. Naidoo23, L. Napolitano75, J. A. Newman33, G. Niz49,11, H. E. Noriega10,29, E. Paillas52, N. Palanque-Delabrouille1,2, J. Pan8, J. A. Peacock18, M. P. Ibanez18, W. J. Percival61,62,63, A. Pérez-Fernández76, I. Pérez-Ràfols77, M. M. Pieri74, C. Poppett2,35,36, F. Prada40, D. Rabinowitz12, A. Raichoor2, C. Ramírez-Pérez24, M. Rashkovetskyi37, C. Ravoux78, J. Rich1,65, A. Rocher53,1, C. Rockosi66,67,79, J. Rohlf3, J. O. Román-Herrera49, A. J. Ross55,59,25, G. Rossi80, R. Ruggeri81, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider1, L. Samushia82,13,83, E. Sanchez30, N. Sanders84, D. Schlegel2, M. Schubnell8, H. Seo84, A. Shafieloo68,69, R. Sharples85,26, J. Silber2, F. Sinigaglia6,7, D. Sprayberry5, T. Tan1, G. Tarlé8, P. Taylor25, W. Turner55,59,25, L. A. Ureña-López49, R. Vaisakh60, F. Valdes5, G. Valogiannis20,21, M. Vargas-Magaña29, L. Verde72,48, M. Walther86,87, B. A. Weaver5, D. H. Weinberg59,25, M. White88,36, M. Wolfson25, C. Yèche1, J. Yu53, E. A. Zaborowski55,56,25, P. Zarrouk65, Z. Zhai89, H. Zhang61,63, C. Zhao90, G. B. Zhao91,92, R. Zhou2, and H. Zou91 (DESI Collaboration*)

  • 1IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
  • 2Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 3Physics Department, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
  • 4Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
  • 5NSF NOIRLab, 950N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
  • 6Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • 7Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea, s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • 8Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 9Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
  • 10Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62210, México
  • 11Instituto Avanzado de Cosmología A. C., San Marcos 11—Atenas 202. Magdalena Contreras. Ciudad de México C. P. 10720, México
  • 12Physics Department, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
  • 13Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
  • 14Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, 206 Bausch and Lomb Hall, P.O. Box 270171, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA
  • 15Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
  • 16INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
  • 17Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
  • 18Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, United Kingdom
  • 19Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
  • 20Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
  • 21Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
  • 22CEICO, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 23Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
  • 24Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 25The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, USA
  • 26Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
  • 27Institute of Astronomy and Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Kuang-Fu Rd. Sec. 2, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
  • 28Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Utah, 115 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
  • 29Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. de México C. P. 04510, México
  • 30CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • 31Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA
  • 32Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
  • 33Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
  • 34University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, People’s Republic of China
  • 35Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 36University of California, Berkeley, 110 Sproul Hall #5800 Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 37Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
  • 38Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94305, USA
  • 39SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
  • 40Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
  • 41Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, CP 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 42Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, CP 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
  • 43Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
  • 44Scientific Computing Core, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
  • 45Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c/ Esteve Terradas 1, Edifici RDIT, Campus PMT-UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
  • 46Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
  • 47Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • 48Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • 49Departamento de Física, DCI-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, León, Guanajuato C. P. 37150, México
  • 50Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
  • 51Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
  • 52Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
  • 53Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
  • 54Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris. 98 bis boulevard Arago. 75014 Paris, France
  • 55Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 56Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 57School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
  • 58Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
  • 59Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 W 18th Avenue, Columbus, Texas 43210, USA
  • 60Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
  • 61Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 62Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
  • 63Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 64Astrophysics and Space Institute, Schmidt Sciences, New York, New York 10011, USA
  • 65Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), FR-75005 Paris, France
  • 66Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, UCO/Lick Observatory, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
  • 67Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95065, USA
  • 68Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
  • 69University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
  • 70Departament de Física, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 71Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, 53 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
  • 72Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
  • 73Department of Physics and Astronomy, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, USA
  • 74Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
  • 75Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University, Dept. 3905, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
  • 76Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Gießenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
  • 77Departament de Física, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
  • 78Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, LPCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
  • 79University of California Observatories, 1156 High Street, Sana Cruz, California 95065, USA
  • 80Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
  • 81Queensland University of Technology, School of Chemistry and Physics, George St, Brisbane 4001, Australia
  • 82Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory, Tbilisi, GE-0179, Georgia
  • 83Faculty of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, 0194 Tbilisi, Georgia
  • 84Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, 139 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
  • 85Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
  • 86Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstrasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
  • 87University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81677 München, Germany
  • 88Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall MC 7300, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
  • 89Department of Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 90Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100190
  • 91National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People’s Republic of China
  • 92School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China

  • *Contact author: spokespersons@desi.lbl.gov
  • †NASA Einstein Fellow.
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 083515 – Published 6 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/tr6y-kpc6

Abstract

We present baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements from more than 14 million galaxies and quasars drawn from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 2 (DR2), based on three years of operation. For cosmology inference, these galaxy measurements are combined with DESI Lyman-α forest BAO results presented in a companion paper (M. Abdul-Karim et al., companion paper, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083514 2025.). The DR2 BAO results are consistent with DESI DR1 and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and their distance-redshift relationship matches those from recent compilations of supernovae (SNe) over the same redshift range. The results are well described by a flat Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, but the parameters preferred by BAO are in mild, 2.3σ tension with those determined from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), although the DESI results are consistent with the acoustic angular scale θ* that is well measured by Planck. This tension is alleviated by dark energy with a time-evolving equation of state parametrized by w0 and wa, which provides a better fit to the data, with a favored solution in the quadrant with w0>−1 and wa<0. This solution is preferred over ΛCDM at 3.1σ for the combination of DESI BAO and CMB data. When also including SNe, the preference for a dynamical dark energy model over ΛCDM ranges from 2.8−4.2σ depending on which SNe sample is used. We present evidence from other data combinations which also favor the same behavior at high significance. From the combination of DESI and CMB we derive 95% upper limits on the sum of neutrino masses, finding ∑mν<0.064  eV assuming ΛCDM and ∑mν<0.16  eV in the w0wa model. Unless there is an unknown systematic error associated with one or more datasets, it is clear that ΛCDM is being challenged by the combination of DESI BAO with other measurements and that dynamical dark energy offers a possible solution.

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Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Viewpoint

Rethinking Our Place in the Universe

Published 6 October, 2025

The new map of the Universe’s expansion history released by the DESI Collaboration offers hints at a breakdown of the standard model of cosmology.

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See Also

DESI DR2 results. I. Baryon acoustic oscillations from the Lyman alpha forest

M. Abdul Karim et al. (DESI Collaboration)
Phys. Rev. D 112, 083514 (2025)

Article Text

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 083515– Published 6 October, 2025
  • Received 31 March 2025
  • Accepted 23 May 2025
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