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    Spin-induced nonlinear scalarization of Kerr black holes in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity

    Meng-Yun Lai1,*, Hyat Huang1,†, Jutta Kunz2,‡, Yun Soo Myung3,§, and De-Cheng Zou1,∥

    • *Contact author: mengyunlai@jxnu.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: hyat@mail.bnu.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: jutta.kunz@uni-oldenburg.de
    • §Contact author: ysmyung@inje.ac.kr
    • ∥Contact author: dczou@jxnu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. D 114, 024007 – Published 6 July, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/tp1r-hhq6

    Abstract

    We investigate spin-induced scalarization of Kerr black holes in an Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet (EsGB) model that does not admit a linear tachyonic instability of the scalar-free solution. The scalarization mechanism is therefore genuinely nonlinear. We first analyze the decoupled scalar dynamics on fixed Kerr backgrounds and show that sufficiently rapid rotation modifies the Gauss-Bonnet invariant such that a negative near-horizon region develops near the poles. This region provides a geometric trapping mechanism for nonlinear scalar growth, which becomes effective above a threshold spin χ=0.5. We then construct stationary scalarized black hole solutions with full backreaction and determine their domain of existence. We find that the solutions occupy a finite low-mass high-spin wedge in the spin-mass plane. This is in contrast to spin-induced spontaneous scalarization, where the scalarized solutions form a narrow band. In this wedge, toward the high-spin end, the scalar hair becomes stronger, and the solutions approach a near-extremal regime, while toward the low-spin boundary, the scalar field is strongly suppressed and approaches a weak-hair limit as χ→0.5.

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