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Binary superfluids: Low-energy properties and dissipative processes from spontaneous emission of massive phonons

Silvia Trabucco1,2, Luca Lepori3,4, Maria Luisa Chiofalo5,6, and Massimo Mannarelli2,1

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Phys. Rev. D 111, 125024 – Published 27 June, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/sy1v-g8t9

Abstract

We discuss the low-energy properties of binary superfluids with density-dependent interactions. Adding an intraspecies coupling that induces an explicit soft symmetry breaking, we determine the background pressure, and we show that the low-energy spectrum consists of a massless Nambu-Goldstone boson and a massive (pseudo) Nambu-Goldstone boson. When the background velocities of the two superfluids are transonic, the system is characterized by two distinct acoustic horizons: the hydrodynamic analog of the black hole event horizon. The Hawking-like emission occurring at these horizons produces an effective friction on the fluids. We compute the viscosity-to-entropy ratios close to the two acoustic horizons, finding that the emission of pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons violates the bound conjectured by Kovtun, Son, and Starinet.

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Phys. Rev. D 111, 125024– Published 27 June, 2025
  • Received 27 January 2025
  • Accepted 21 May 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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