- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Self-interaction controls vortex scale in soliton mergers

Yuanyuan Zeng, Bokai Zhang*, and Jiajun Chen†

  • *Contact author: zbk329@swu.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: chenjiajun@swu.edu.cn
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 113, 103043 – Published 28 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/sm3l-z7s3

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of self-interaction strength on the formation and scale of turbulent vortex structures during the merger of Bose stars, using numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii-Poisson equations. We find that vortex formation is a universal outcome of soliton mergers, with the vortex size strongly dependent on the self-interaction coupling parameter g. Through analysis of velocity correlations, kinetic energy spectra, and vorticity distributions, we conclude that, for repulsive self-interaction, the vortex region expands as self-interaction strength increases; conversely, for attractive self-interaction, the vortex region shrinks as self-interaction strength increases.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (49)

  1. N. Aghanim et al. (Planck Collaboration), Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020).
  2. M. Dine and W. Fischler, Phys. Lett. 120B, 137 (1983).
  3. A. Suárez, V. H. Robles, and T. Matos, Astrophys. Space Sci. Proc. 38, 107 (2014).
  4. J. Preskill, M. B. Wise, and F. Wilczek, Phys. Lett. 120B, 127 (1983).
  5. L. Abbott and P. Sikivie, Phys. Lett. 120B, 133 (1983).
  6. A. H. Guth, M. P. Hertzberg, and C. Prescod-Weinstein, Phys. Rev. D 92, 103513 (2015).
  7. L. M. Widrow and N. Kaiser, Astrophys. J. Lett. 416, L71 (1993).
  8. C. Uhlemann, M. Kopp, and T. Haugg, Phys. Rev. D 90, 023517 (2014).
  9. P. Sikivie, Lect. Notes Phys. 741, 19 (2008).
  10. A. Arvanitaki, S. Dimopoulos, S. Dubovsky, N. Kaloper, and J. March-Russell, Phys. Rev. D 81, 123530 (2010).
  11. D. G. Levkov, A. G. Panin, and I. I. Tkachev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 011301 (2017).
  12. R. D. Peccei and H. R. Quinn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 1440 (1977).
  13. S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 223 (1978).
  14. F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 279 (1978).
  15. J. E. Kim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 103 (1979).
  16. M. A. Shifman, A. Vainshtein, and V. I. Zakharov, Nucl. Phys. B66, 493 (1980).
  17. A. Zhitnitsky, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 31, 260 (1980).
  18. M. Dine, W. Fischler, and M. Srednicki, Phys. Lett. 104B, 199 (1981).
  19. A. Arvanitaki, M. Baryakhtar, and X. Huang, Phys. Rev. D 91, 084011 (2015).
  20. A. Payez, C. Evoli, T. Fischer, M. Giannotti, A. Mirizzi, and A. Ringwald, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2015) 006.
  21. D. J. E. Marsh, Phys. Rep. 643, 1 (2016).
  22. M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 98, 030001 (2018).
  23. L. D. Luzio, M. Giannotti, E. Nardi, and L. Visinelli, Phys. Rep. 870, 1 (2020).
  24. W. H. Press, B. S. Ryden, and D. N. Spergel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1084 (1990).
  25. V. Sahni and L. Wang, Phys. Rev. D 62, 103517 (2000).
  26. W. Hu, R. Barkana, and A. Gruzinov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1158 (2000).
  27. P. J. E. Peebles, Astrophys. J. Lett. 534, L127 (2000).
  28. P. Mocz, M. Vogelsberger, V. Robles, J. Zavala, M. Boylan-Kolchin, and L. Hernquist, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 471, 4559 (2017).
  29. I. Álvarez-Rios, C. Tena-Contreras, and F. S. Guzmán, Phys. Rev. D 111, 123039 (2025).
  30. L. Hui, A. Joyce, M. J. Landry, and X. Li, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2021) 011.
  31. J. Chen, X. Du, E. W. Lentz, D. J. E. Marsh, and J. C. Niemeyer, Phys. Rev. D 104, 083022 (2021).
  32. J. Chen, X. Du, E. W. Lentz, and D. J. E. Marsh, Phys. Rev. D 106, 023009 (2022).
  33. B. Fornberg, Geophysics 52, 483 (1987).
  34. J. Chen, X. Du, M. Zhou, A. Benson, and D. J. E. Marsh, Phys. Rev. D 108, 083021 (2023).
  35. J. Chen and H.-Y. Zhang, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2024) 005.
  36. J. Chen, L. H. Nguyen, and D. J. E. Marsh, Phys. Rev. D 111, 043031 (2025).
  37. P. H. Chavanis and L. Delfini, Phys. Rev. D 84, 043532 (2011).
  38. J. Eby, C. Kouvaris, N. G. Nielsen, and L. Wijewardhana, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2016) 028.
  39. B. Salehian, H.-Y. Zhang, M. A. Amin, D. I. Kaiser, and M. H. Namjoo, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2021) 050.
  40. P.-H. Chavanis, Phys. Rev. D 84, 043531 (2011).
  41. D. G. Levkov, A. G. Panin, and I. I. Tkachev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 151301 (2018).
  42. X. Du, B. Schwabe, J. C. Niemeyer, and D. Bürger, Phys. Rev. D 97, 063507 (2018).
  43. H.-Y. Schive, M.-H. Liao, T.-P. Woo, S.-K. Wong, T. Chiueh, T. Broadhurst, and W.-Y. P. Hwang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 261302 (2014).
  44. H.-Y. Zhang, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2025) 174.
  45. H.-Y. Schive, T. Chiueh, and T. Broadhurst, Nat. Phys. 10, 496 (2014).
  46. M. S. Volkov and E. Wöhnert, Phys. Rev. D 66, 085003 (2002).
  47. Y. Galushkina, E. Kim, E. Nugaev, and Y. Shnir, Phys. Rev. D 112, 076019 (2025).
  48. S. P. Thampi, R. Golestanian, and J. M. Yeomans, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 118101 (2013).
  49. L. Giomi, Phys. Rev. X 5, 031003 (2015).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 113, 103043– Published 28 May, 2026
  • Received 25 November 2025
  • Accepted 30 April 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation