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Probing light particles with optically trapped sensors through nucleon scattering

Bhaskar Dutta1,*, Dilip Kumar Ghosh2,†, and Sk Jeesun2,‡

  • *Contact author: dutta@tamu.edu
  • †Contact author: tpdkg@iacs.res.in
  • ‡Contact author: skjeesun48@gmail.com
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 015018 – Published 20 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/sjyq-trdn

Abstract

Optically levitated nanospheres are highly sensitive to the motion of their center of mass even under small momentum transfer. We propose detecting exotic particles via nucleon scattering in such spheres in the context of an ongoing experiment. We suggest that the 200 nm-diameter spheres, featuring a 4×4 array configuration and its upgrade, can achieve sensitivity to nuclear couplings of solar axionlike particles (ALPs), exclusively targeting previously unconstrained regions of parameter space. This setup can offer the first probe of a 14.4 keV solar ALP, which is difficult to find in axion experiments and conventional direct searches. Additionally, we also demonstrate the reach of the same experiment for other light beyond the standard model (BSM) scenarios. The same setup will be sensitive to pseudoscalar dark matter in the ∼10  keV mass range. In contrast, a smaller sphere with a diameter of 15 nm benefits from overall coherence enhancement, enabling the detection of pseudoscalar and vector dark matter down to O(100)  eV even with a single sphere. This smaller setup also offers the potential for the direct detection of Earth-bound dark matter strongly coupled with visible matter, even with its minimal velocity and tiny fractional abundance.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 015018– Published 20 January, 2026
  • Received 14 April 2025
  • Accepted 15 December 2025
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