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Role of higher twist distributions in the tomography of the proton

Navpreet Kaur1,*, Shubham Sharma2,†, Abi Jebarson A3,‡, and Harleen Dahiya1,§

  • *Contact author: knavpreet.hep@gmail.com
  • †Contact author: s.sharma.hep@gmail.com
  • ‡Contact author: abijebarson@gmail.com
  • §Contact author: dahiyah@nitj.ac.in
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 014056 – Published 27 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/s71d-g3fc

Abstract

We have studied the higher-twist distributions of the proton, including T-even and T-odd transverse momentum-dependent parton distributions (TMDs). Under the umbrella of the light-front framework, we have chosen two distinctive approaches of quark-spectator systems for comparison, one inspired by the soft-wall AdS/QCD and another with a dipolar form factor at the nucleon-quark-diquark vertex. The comprehensive picture at higher twist provided by both T-even and T-odd TMDs not only aids deeper insights into the internal structure of the proton in the quark sector but also provides an interpretation of different components of the energy-momentum tensor in quantum chromodynamics. Hence, using these standard parton distribution functions, further predictions regarding the physical insights of gravitational TMDs in momentum space are also provided.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 014056– Published 27 July, 2026
  • Received 29 May 2026
  • Accepted 29 June 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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