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    Geometrically significant surfaces of black holes from a single scalar

    Cagdas Ulus Agca1,* and Bayram Tekin2,†

    • *Contact author: ulusagca@metu.edu.tr
    • †Contact author: bayram.tekin@bilkent.edu.tr

    Phys. Rev. D 114, 064036 – Published 8 September, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rz6d-3yj8

    Abstract

    Black hole spacetimes contain several geometrically distinguished hypersurfaces, including event and Cauchy horizons, stationary-limit surfaces, and curvature singularities. These structures are usually identified by different geometric or causal criteria. We show that, for the Kerr-Newman black hole, the membrane-paradigm pressure of a stretched horizon admits an analytically continued scalar representative whose fully factorized form has zeros, poles, and singular factors aligned with these standard Kerr-Newman loci. Its zeros occur at the outer and inner horizons, its poles occur at the outer and inner stationary-limit surfaces, its higher-order divergence contains the ring-singularity factor, and its large-r behavior records the asymptotic decay of the scalar. The construction is not proposed as a new invariant characterization of the spacetime, nor as a physical extension of the membrane fluid into the black hole interior. Rather, it gives a compact membrane-pressure-based diagnostic whose analytic structure reorganizes several familiar surfaces of the Kerr-Newman geometry. We also note a secondary, purely algebraic analogy with generalized multicomponent van der Waals-type equations of state.

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