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Micro-Bose or Proca dark matter stars from black hole superradiance

John March-Russell1 and João G. Rosa2,*

  • 1Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
  • 2Univ Coimbra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra and CFisUC, Rua Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal

  • *Contact author: jgrosa@uc.pt

Phys. Rev. D 113, L101304 – Published 12 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rwn4-8ywh

Abstract

We study the production of heavy, μ≳1  TeV, bosonic spin s=0, 1 dark matter (DM) via the simultaneous processes of Hawking evaporation and superradiance (SR) from an initial population of small, ≲106  kg, primordial black holes (PBHs). Even for small initial PBH spins, the SR process can produce extremely dense gravitationally bound DM Bose or Proca soliton “stars” of radius ≲pm and mass ∼10few  kg that can survive to today, well after PBH decay. These solitons can constitute a significant fraction of the DM density, rising to ≳50% in the vector DM case.

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