- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Multiphysics Bayesian analysis of the neutron star crust using a relativistic mean-field model

Vishal Parmar1,* and Ignazio Bombaci1,2

  • *Contact author: vishal.parmar@pi.infn.it
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 113, 083017 – Published 13 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rkpk-tny1

Abstract

We study the properties of the neutron-star crust within a Bayesian framework based on a unified relativistic mean-field (RMF) description of dense matter. The analysis focuses on the posterior distributions of crust properties, constrained by nuclear experimental data, chiral effective field theory, and multimessenger neutron star observations. In the inference, the outer crust is fixed using the AME2020 nuclear mass table, supplemented by Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mass models, while the inner crust is described using a compressible liquid-drop model consistently coupled to the RMF interaction. The same RMF framework is used to describe the uniform core, ensuring a unified treatment across all density regimes. From the resulting posteriors, we extract key crustal observables, including the crust-core transition density and pressure, crust thickness, crust mass, and the fractional crustal moment of inertia. We find that the transition density is primarily governed by the symmetry-energy slope L and curvature Ksym evaluated at subsaturation densities, while the transition pressure plays a central role in determining global crustal properties. The inner-crust equation of state reflects a collective interplay between isovector nuclear-matter properties rather than a dependence on any single parameter. We also assess the impact of using matched crust-core constructions and show that they can introduce systematic differences in predicted neutron star properties when compared with fully unified treatments.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (122)

  1. E. Annala, T. Gorda, A. Kurkela, and A. Vuorinen, Evidence for quark-matter cores in massive neutron stars, Nat. Phys. 16, 907 (2020).
  2. E. Annala, T. Gorda, J. Hirvonen, O. Komoltsev, A. Kurkela, J. Nättilä, and A. Vuorinen, Strongly interacting matter exhibits deconfined behavior in massive neutron stars, Nat. Commun. 14, 8451 (2023).
  3. S. Huth, P. T. H. Pang, I. Tews, T. Dietrich, A. Le Fèvre, A. Schwenk, W. Trautmann, K. Agarwal, M. Bulla, M. W. Coughlin et al., Constraining neutron-star matter with microscopic and macroscopic collisions, Nature (London) 606, 276 (2022).
  4. C. Y. Tsang, M. B. Tsang, W. G. Lynch, R. Kumar, and C. J. Horowitz, Determination of the equation of state from nuclear experiments and neutron star observations, Nat. Astron. 8, 328 (2024).
  5. A. Marino, C. Dehman, K. Kovlakas, N. Rea, J. A. Pons, and D. Viganò, Constraints on the dense matter equation of state from young and cold isolated neutron stars, Nat. Astron. 8, 1020 (2024).
  6. S. M. Couch, The mechanism (s) of core-collapse supernovae, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 375, 20160271 (2017).
  7. S. Jones, F. K. Röpke, R. Pakmor, I. R. Seitenzahl, S. T. Ohlmann, and P. V. F. Edelmann, Do electron-capture supernovae make neutron stars?—first multidimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the oxygen deflagration, Astron. Astrophys. 593, A72 (2016).
  8. V. Parmar, D. Scordino, and I. Bombaci, Triggering electron capture supernovae: Dark matter effects in degenerate white-dwarf-like cores of super-asymptotic giant branch stars, J. High Energy Astrophys. 50, 100470 (2026).
  9. N. Chamel and P. Haensel, Physics of neutron star crusts, Living Rev. Relativity 11, 10 (2008).
  10. P. Haensel, J. L. Zdunik, M. Bejger, and J. M. Lattimer, Keplerian frequency of uniformly rotating neutron stars and strange stars, Astron. Astrophys. 502, 605 (2009).
  11. B. K. Sharma, M. Centelles, X. Viñas, M. Baldo, and G.  F. Burgio, Unified equation of state for neutron stars on a microscopic basis, Astron. Astrophys. 584, A103 (2015).
  12. P. M. Pizzochero, M. Antonelli, B. Haskell, and S. Seveso, Constraints on pulsar masses from the maximum observed glitch, Nat. Astron. 1, 0134 (2017).
  13. A. A. Kozhberov and D. G. Yakovlev, Deformed crystals and torsional oscillations of neutron star crust, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 498, 5149 (2020).
  14. A. Potekhin, A. Chugunov, N. Shchechilin, and M. Gusakov, Cooling of neutron stars in soft X-ray transients with realistic crust composition, J. High Energy Astrophys. 45, 116 (2025).
  15. D. Page, J. M. Lattimer, M. Prakash, and A. W. Steiner, Minimal cooling of neutron stars: A new paradigm, APJ Suppl. Ser. 155, 623 (2004).
  16. N. Chamel and A. F. Fantina, Binary and ternary ionic compounds in the outer crust of a cold nonaccreting neutron star, Phys. Rev. C 94, 065802 (2016).
  17. X. Roca-Maza and J. Piekarewicz, Impact of the symmetry energy on the outer crust of nonaccreting neutron stars, Phys. Rev. C 78, 025807 (2008).
  18. J. M. Pearson, N. Chamel, A. Y. Potekhin, A. F. Fantina, C. Ducoin, A. K. Dutta, and S. Goriely, Unified equations of state for cold non-accreting neutron stars with Brussels–Montreal functionals—I. Role of symmetry energy, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481, 2994 (2018).
  19. V. Parmar, H. C. Das, A. Kumar, M. K. Sharma, and S. K. Patra, Crustal properties of a neutron star within an effective relativistic mean-field model, Phys. Rev. D 105, 043017 (2022).
  20. G. Baym, C. Pethick, and P. Sutherland, The ground state of matter at high densities: Equation of state and stellar models, Astrophys. J. 170, 299 (1971).
  21. S. S. Avancini, D. P. Menezes, M. D. Alloy, J. R. Marinelli, M. M. W. Moraes, and C. Providência, Warm and cold pasta phase in relativistic mean field theory, Phys. Rev. C 78, 015802 (2008).
  22. S. S. Avancini, L. Brito, J. R. Marinelli, D. P. Menezes, M. M. W. de Moraes, C. Providência, and A. M. Santos, , Nuclear “pasta” phase within density dependent hadronic models, Phys. Rev. C 79, 035804 (2009).
  23. N. Chamel and P. Haensel, Physics of neutron star crusts, Living Rev. Relativity 11, 10 (2008).
  24. N. Chamel, Crustal entrainment and pulsar glitches, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 011101 (2013).
  25. M. Oertel, M. Hempel, T. Klähn, and S. Typel, Equations of state for supernovae and compact stars, Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 015007 (2017).
  26. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations), GW170817: Observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017).
  27. B. P. Abbott et al. (The LIGO Scientific and the Virgo Collaborations), GW170817: Measurements of neutron star radii and equation of state, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 161101 (2018).
  28. H. T. Cromartie, E. Fonseca, S. M. Ransom, P. B. Demorest, Z. Arzoumanian, H. Blumer, P. R. Brook, M. E. DeCesar, T. Dolch, J. A. Ellis et al., Relativistic shapiro delay measurements of an extremely massive millisecond pulsar, Nat. Astron. 4, 72 (2019).
  29. J. Antoniadis, P. C. C. Freire, N. Wex, T. M. Tauris, R. S. Lynch, M. H. van Kerkwijk, M. Kramer, C. Bassa, V. S. Dhillon, and T. Driebe et al., A massive pulsar in a compact relativistic binary, Science 340, 1233232 (2013).
  30. P. B. Demorest, T. Pennucci, S. M. Ransom, M. S. E. Roberts, and J. W. T. Hessels, A two-solar-mass neutron star measured using Shapiro delay, Nature (London) 467, 1081 (2010).
  31. D. Choudhury et al., A NICER view of the nearest and brightest millisecond pulsar: PSR J0437–4715, Astrophys. J. Lett. 971, L20 (2024).
  32. T. Carreau, F. Gulminelli, and J. Margueron, Bayesian analysis of the crust-core transition with a compressible liquid-drop model, Eur. Phys. J. A 55, 188 (2019).
  33. Carreau, T., Fantina, A. F., and Gulminelli, F., Inner crust of a neutron star at the point of crystallization in a multicomponent approach, Astron. Astrophys. 640, A77 (2020).
  34. P. Klausner, M. Antonelli, and F. Gulminelli, Neutron star crust informed by nuclear structure data, Phys. Rev. C 113, 025808 (2026).
  35. S. Burrello, F. Gulminelli, M. Antonelli, M. Colonna, and A. F. Fantina, Bayesian inference of neutron star crust properties using an ab-initio–benchmarked metamodel, Phys. Rev. C 112, 035802 (2025).
  36. C. Ducoin, J. Margueron, C. m. c. Providência, and I. Vidaña, Core-crust transition in neutron stars: Predictivity of density developments, Phys. Rev. C 83, 045810 (2011).
  37. G. Baym, H. A. Bethe, and C. J. Pethick, Neutron star matter, Nucl. Phys. A175, 225 (1971).
  38. C. J. Horowitz and K. Kadau, Breaking strain of neutron star crust and gravitational waves, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 191102 (2009).
  39. N. Chamel, Band structure effects for dripped neutrons in neutron star crust, Nucl. Phys. A747, 109 (2005).
  40. K. Sekizawa, S. Kobayashi, and M. Matsuo, Time-dependent extension of the self-consistent band theory for neutron star matter: Anti-entrainment effects in the slab phase, Phys. Rev. C 105, 045807 (2022).
  41. M. Fortin, C. Providência, A. R. Raduta, F. Gulminelli, J. L. Zdunik, P. Haensel, and M. Bejger, Neutron star radii and crusts: Uncertainties and unified equations of state, Phys. Rev. C 94, 035804 (2016).
  42. L. Suleiman, M. Fortin, J. L. Zdunik, and P. Haensel, Influence of the crust on the neutron star macrophysical quantities and universal relations, Phys. Rev. C 104, 015801 (2021).
  43. P. J. Davis, H. Dinh Thi, A. F. Fantina, F. Gulminelli, M. Oertel, and L. Suleiman, Inference of neutron-star properties with unified crust-core equations of state for parameter estimation, Astron. Astrophys. 687, A44 (2024).
  44. M. Ferreira and C. Providência, Neutron star properties: Quantifying the effect of the crust–core matching procedure, Universe 6, 220 (2020).
  45. P. J. Davis, H. Dinh Thi, A. F. Fantina, F. Gulminelli, M. Oertel, and L. Suleiman, Crust (unified) tool for equation-of-state reconstruction (CUTER) v2, Eur. Phys. J. A 61, 120 (2025).
  46. Dinh Thi, H., Carreau, T., Fantina, A. F., and Gulminelli, F., Uncertainties in the pasta-phase properties of catalysed neutron stars, Astron. Astrophys. 654, A114 (2021).
  47. F. Douchin and P. Haensel, A unified equation of state of dense matter and neutron star structure, Astron. Astrophys. 380, 151 (2001).
  48. X. Viñas, C. Gonzalez-Boquera, B. K. Sharma, and M. Centelles, Unified equation of state for neutron stars within the Skyrme–Hartree–Fock approach, Acta Phys. Pol. B Proc. Suppl. 10, 259 (2017).
  49. W. Huang, M. Wang, F. Kondev, G. Audi, and S. Naimi, The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (i). Evaluation of input data, and adjustment procedures, Chin. Phys. C 45, 030002 (2021).
  50. M. Samyn, S. Goriely, P.-H. Heenen, J. M. Pearson, and F. Tondeur, A Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov mass formula, Nucl. Phys. A700, 142 (2002).
  51. I. O. Eya, J. O. Urama, and A. E. Chukwude, Angular momentum transfer and fractional moment of inertia in pulsar glitches, Astrophys. J. 840, 56 (2017).
  52. S. Goriely, N. Chamel, and J. M. Pearson, Further explorations of Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mass formulas. XIII. The 2012 atomic mass evaluation and the symmetry coefficient, Phys. Rev. C 88, 024308 (2013).
  53. B. D. Serot and J. D. Walecka, The relativistic nuclear many body problem, Adv. Nucl. Phys. 16, 1 (1986), https://inspirehep.net/literature/207866.
  54. W.-C. Chen and J. Piekarewicz, Building relativistic mean field models for finite nuclei and neutron stars, Phys. Rev. C 90, 044305 (2014).
  55. H. Shen, H. Toki, K. Oyamatsu, and K. Sumiyoshi, Relativistic equation of state for core-collapse supernova simulations, Astrophys. J. 197, 20 (2011).
  56. M. Dutra, O. Lourenço, J. S. Sá Martins, A. Delfino, J. R. Stone, and P. D. Stevenson, Skyrme interaction and nuclear matter constraints, Phys. Rev. C 85, 035201 (2012).
  57. M. Dutra, O. Lourenço, S. S. Avancini, B. V. Carlson, A. Delfino, D. P. Menezes, C. Providência, S. Typel, and J. R. Stone, Relativistic mean-field hadronic models under nuclear matter constraints, Phys. Rev. C 90, 055203 (2014).
  58. B. G. Todd-Rutel and J. Piekarewicz, Neutron-rich nuclei and neutron stars: A new accurately calibrated interaction for the study of neutron-rich matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 122501 (2005).
  59. J. Boguta and A. Bodmer, Relativistic calculation of nuclear matter and the nuclear surface, Nucl. Phys. A292, 413 (1977).
  60. H. Müller and B. D. Serot, Relativistic mean-field theory and the high-density nuclear equation of state, Nucl. Phys. A606, 508 (1996).
  61. A. Bodmer, Relativistic mean field theory of nuclei with a vector meson self-interaction, Nucl. Phys. A526, 703 (1991).
  62. C. J. Horowitz and J. Piekarewicz, Neutron radii of Pb208 and neutron stars, Phys. Rev. C 64, 062802 (2001).
  63. M. Fortin, S. S. Avancini, C. Providência, and I. Vidaña, Hypernuclei and massive neutron stars, Phys. Rev. C 95, 065803 (2017).
  64. M. Fortin, C. Providência, A. R. Raduta, F. Gulminelli, J. L. Zdunik, P. Haensel, and M. Bejger, Neutron star radii and crusts: Uncertainties and unified equations of state, Phys. Rev. C 94, 035804 (2016).
  65. F. J. Fattoyev and J. Piekarewicz, Sensitivity of the moment of inertia of neutron stars to the equation of state of neutron-rich matter, Phys. Rev. C 82, 025810 (2010).
  66. N. Alam, B. K. Agrawal, M. Fortin, H. Pais, C. Providência, A. R. Raduta, and A. Sulaksono, Strong correlations of neutron star radii with the slopes of nuclear matter incompressibility and symmetry energy at saturation, Phys. Rev. C 94, 052801 (2016).
  67. P. G. Reinhard, The relativistic mean-field description of nuclei and nuclear dynamics, Rep. Prog. Phys. 52, 439 (1989).
  68. T. Carreau, Modeling the (proto)neutron star crust: Toward a controlled estimation of uncertainties, Theses, Normandie Université, 2020.
  69. G. Baym, C. Pethick, and P. Sutherland, The ground state of matter at high densities: Equation of state and stellar models, Astrophys. J. 170, 299 (1971).
  70. D. Ravenhall, C. Pethick, and J. Lattimer, Nuclear interface energy at finite temperatures, Nucl. Phys. A407, 571 (1983).
  71. W. G. Newton, M. Gearheart, and B.-A. Li, A survey of the parameter space of the compressible liquid drop model as applied to the neutron star inner crust, APJ Suppl. Ser. 204, 9 (2013).
  72. N. K. Glendenning, Compact stars: Nuclear physics, particle physics, and general relativity (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1997).
  73. B. G. Todd-Rutel and J. Piekarewicz, Neutron-rich nuclei and neutron stars: A new accurately calibrated interaction for the study of neutron-rich matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 122501 (2005).
  74. P. Danielewicz, R. Lacey, and W. G. Lynch, Determination of the equation of state of dense matter, Science 298, 1592 (2002).
  75. A. Le Fèvre, Y. Leifels, W. Reisdorf, J. Aichelin, and C. Hartnack, Constraining the nuclear matter equation of state around twice saturation density, Nucl. Phys. A945, 112 (2016).
  76. Z. Zhang and L.-W. Chen, Electric dipole polarizability in Pb208 as a probe of the symmetry energy and neutron matter around ρ0/3, Phys. Rev. C 92, 031301 (2015).
  77. B. A. Brown, Constraints on the skyrme equations of state from properties of doubly magic nuclei, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 232502 (2013).
  78. M. Kortelainen, J. McDonnell, W. Nazarewicz, P.-G. Reinhard, J. Sarich, N. Schunck, M. V. Stoitsov, and S. M. Wild, Nuclear energy density optimization: Large deformations, Phys. Rev. C 85, 024304 (2012).
  79. P. Danielewicz, P. Singh, and J. Lee, Symmetry energy III: Isovector skins, Nucl. Phys. A958, 147 (2017).
  80. M. B. Tsang, Y. Zhang, P. Danielewicz, M. Famiano, Z. Li, W. G. Lynch, and A. W. Steiner, Constraints on the density dependence of the symmetry energy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 122701 (2009).
  81. P. Morfouace, C. Tsang, Y. Zhang, W. Lynch, M. Tsang, D. Coupland, M. Youngs, Z. Chajecki, M. Famiano, T. Ghosh et al., Constraining the symmetry energy with heavy-ion collisions and Bayesian analyses, Phys. Lett. B 799, 135045 (2019).
  82. J. Estee et al. (SπRIT Collaboration), Probing the symmetry energy with the spectral pion ratio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 162701 (2021).
  83. P. Russotto, P. Wu, M. Zoric, M. Chartier, Y. Leifels, R. Lemmon, Q. Li, J. Łukasik, A. Pagano, P. Pawłowski et al., Symmetry energy from elliptic flow in 197Au+197Au, Phys. Lett. B 697, 471 (2011).
  84. C. Drischler, K. Hebeler, and A. Schwenk, Asymmetric nuclear matter based on chiral two- and three-nucleon interactions, Phys. Rev. C 93, 054314 (2016).
  85. T. Hinderer, Tidal Love numbers of neutron stars, Astrophys. J. 677, 1216 (2008).
  86. T. E. Riley, A. L. Watts, S. Bogdanov, P. S. Ray, R. M. Ludlam, S. Guillot, Z. Arzoumanian, C. L. Baker, A. V. Bilous, D. Chakrabarty et al., A NICER view of PSR J0030+0451: Millisecond pulsar parameter estimation, Astrophys. J. 887, L21 (2019).
  87. M. C. Miller et al., PSR J0030+0451 mass and radius from nicer data and implications for the properties of neutron star matter, Astrophys. J. Lett. 887, L24 (2019).
  88. T. E. Riley et al., A NICER view of the massive pulsar PSR J0740+6620 informed by radio timing and XMM-Newton spectroscopy, Astrophys. J. Lett. 918, L27 (2021).
  89. M. C. Miller et al., The radius of PSR J0740+6620 from NICER and XMM-Newton, Astrophys. J. Lett. 918, L28 (2021).
  90. E. Fonseca et al., Refined mass and geometric measurements of the high-mass PSR J0740+6620, Astro. Phys. J. Lett. 915, L12 (2021).
  91. S. Typel and H. Wolter, Relativistic mean field calculations with density-dependent meson-nucleon coupling, Nucl. Phys. A656, 331 (1999).
  92. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO and Virgo Collaborations), GW170817: Observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017).
  93. J. Buchner, A statistical test for nested sampling algorithms, Stat. Comput. 26, 383 (2016).
  94. J. Buchner, Collaborative nested sampling: Big data versus complex physical models, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 131, 108005 (2019).
  95. J. Buchner, Ultranest—a robust, general purpose Bayesian inference engine, J. Open Source Software 6, 3001 (2021).
  96. E. Higson, W. Handley, M. Hobson, and A. Lasenby, NESTCHECK: Diagnostic tests for nested sampling calculations, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 483, 2044 (2019).
  97. S. M. A. Imam and N. K. Patra, Bayesian analysis of the neutron star equation of state and model comparison: Insights from PSR J0437+4715, PSR J0614+3329, and other multiphysics data, Phys. Rev. D 112, 103018 (2025).
  98. Z. Zhu, A. Li, and T. Liu, A Bayesian inference of a relativistic mean-field model of neutron star matter from observations of NICER and GW170817/AT2017gfo, Astrophys. J. 943, 163 (2023).
  99. M. Kramer, I. H. Stairs, R. N. Manchester, M. A. McLaughlin, A. G. Lyne, R. D. Ferdman, M. Burgay, D. R. Lorimer, A. Possenti, N. D’Amico et al., Tests of general relativity from timing the double pulsar, Science 314, 97 (2006).
  100. Z. Miao, A. Li, and Z.-G. Dai, On the moment of inertia of PSR J0737-3039 a from LIGO/Virgo and NICER, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 515, 5071 (2022).
  101. H. O. Silva, A. M. Holgado, A. Cárdenas-Avendaño, and N. Yunes, Astrophysical and theoretical physics implications from multimessenger neutron star observations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 181101 (2021).
  102. A. Sulaksono, T. Burvenich, J. A. Maruhn, P. G. Reinhard, and W. Greiner, The nonrelativistic limit of the relativistic point coupling model, Ann. Phys. (Amsterdam) 308, 354 (2003).
  103. S. Typel, G. Röpke, T. Klähn, D. Blaschke, and H. H. Wolter, Composition and thermodynamics of nuclear matter with light clusters, Phys. Rev. C 81, 015803 (2010).
  104. J. Negele and D. Vautherin, Neutron star matter at sub-nuclear densities, Nucl. Phys. A207, 298 (1973).
  105. M. Onsi, A. K. Dutta, H. Chatri, S. Goriely, N. Chamel, and J. M. Pearson, Semi-classical equation of state and specific-heat expressions with proton shell corrections for the inner crust of a neutron star, Phys. Rev. C 77, 065805 (2008).
  106. V. Parmar, H. C. Das, A. Kumar, A. Kumar, M. K. Sharma, P. Arumugam, and S. K. Patra, Pasta properties of the neutron star within effective relativistic mean-field model, Phys. Rev. D 106, 023031 (2022).
  107. Z. Carson, A. W. Steiner, and K. Yagi, Constraining nuclear matter parameters with GW170817, Phys. Rev. D 99, 043010 (2019).
  108. W.-B. Ding, Z. Yu, Y. Xu, C.-J. Liu, and T. Bao, Neutrino emission and cooling of dark-matter-admixed neutron stars, Chin. Phys. Lett. 36, 049701 (2019).
  109. M. Dutra, C. Lenzi, W. de Paula, and O. Lourenço, Neutron star crustal properties from relativistic mean-field models and bulk parameters effects, Eur. Phys. J. A 57, 260 (2021).
  110. J. Dobaczewski, W. Nazarewicz, and P.-G. Reinhard, Error estimates of theoretical models: A guide, J. Phys. G 41, 074001 (2014).
  111. J. M. Lattimer and F. Douglas Swesty, A generalized equation of state for hot, dense matter, Nucl. Phys. A535, 331 (1991).
  112. K. Pomorski and J. Dudek, Nuclear liquid-drop model and surface-curvature effects, Phys. Rev. C 67, 044316 (2003).
  113. B.-A. Li and M. Magno, Curvature-slope correlation of nuclear symmetry energy and its imprints on the crust-core transition, radius, and tidal deformability of canonical neutron stars, Phys. Rev. C 102, 045807 (2020).
  114. L. E. Balliet, W. G. Newton, S. Cantu, and S. Budimir, Prior probability distributions of neutron star crust models, Astrophys. J. 918, 79 (2021).
  115. A. W. Steiner, S. Gandolfi, F. J. Fattoyev, and W. G. Newton, Using neutron star observations to determine crust thicknesses, moments of inertia, and tidal deformabilities, Phys. Rev. C 91, 015804 (2015).
  116. M. Greenacre, P. J. F. Groenen, T. Hastie, A. I. D’Enza, A. Markos, and E. Tuzhilina, Principal component analysis, Nat. Rev. Methods Primers 2, 100 (2022).
  117. W. C. G. Ho, C. M. Espinoza, D. Antonopoulou, and N. Andersson, Pinning down the superfluid and measuring masses using pulsar glitches, Sci. Adv. 1, e1500578 (2015).
  118. B. Link, R. I. Epstein, and J. M. Lattimer, Pulsar constraints on neutron star structure and equation of state, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3362 (1999).
  119. N. Andersson, K. Glampedakis, W. C. G. Ho, and C. M. Espinoza, Pulsar glitches: The crust is not enough, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 241103 (2012).
  120. T. Delsate, N. Chamel, N. Gürlebeck, A. F. Fantina, J. M. Pearson, and C. Ducoin, Giant pulsar glitches and the inertia of neutron star crusts, Phys. Rev. D 94, 023008 (2016).
  121. T. Carreau, F. Gulminelli, and J. Margueron, General predictions for the neutron star crustal moment of inertia, Phys. Rev. C 100, 055803 (2019).
  122. C. Huang, G. Raaijmakers, A. L. Watts, L. Tolos, and C. Providência, Constraining a relativistic mean field model using neutron star mass–radius measurements I: Nucleonic models, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 529, 4650 (2024).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 113, 083017– Published 13 April, 2026
  • Received 12 January 2026
  • Accepted 16 March 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation