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Inflationary gravitational waves and laboratory searches as complementary probes of right-handed neutrinos

Zafri A. Borboruah1,*, Frank F. Deppisch2,†, Anish Ghoshal3,‡, and Lekhika Malhotra1,§

  • *Contact author: zafri123@iitb.ac.in
  • †Contact author: f.deppisch@ucl.ac.uk;
  • ‡Contact author: anish.ghoshal@fuw.edu.pl
  • §Contact author: lekhika.malhotra@iitb.ac.in
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 056003 – Published 2 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qyld-mf33

Abstract

We analyze the damping of inflationary gravitational waves (GW) that re-enter the Hubble horizon before or during a post inflationary era dominated by a metastable right-handed neutrino (RHN), whose out-of-equilibrium decay releases entropy. Within a minimal type-I seesaw extension of the Standard Model, we explore the conditions under which the population of thermally produced RHNs remain long-lived and cause a period of matter domination. We find that the suppression of the GW spectrum occurs above a characteristic frequency determined by the RHN mass and active-sterile mixing. For RHN masses in the range 0.1–10 GeV and mixing 10−12≲|VeN|2≲10−5, we estimate such characteristic frequencies and the signal-to-noise ratio to assess the detection prospects in GW observatories such as THEIA, μ-ARES, LISA, BBO, and ET. Additionally we use LIGO data to put upper bounds on the reheating temperature after inflation, for a given blue-tilted GW spectrum. We find complementarity between GW signals and laboratory searches in SHiP, DUNE, and LEGEND-1000. Notably, RHN masses of 0.2–2 GeV and mixing 10−10≲|VeN|2≲10−7 are testable in both laboratory experiments and GW observations. Additionally, GW experiments can probe the canonical seesaw regime of light neutrino mass generation, a region largely inaccessible to laboratory searches.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 056003– Published 2 September, 2025
  • Received 12 June 2025
  • Accepted 31 July 2025
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