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  • Open Access

Menagerie of Euclidean constructions for 3D holographic cosmologies

Mark Van Raamsdonk* and Alejandro Vilar López†

  • *Contact author: mav@phas.ubc.ca
  • †Contact author: alejandro.vilarlopez@ubc.ca
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 106010 – Published 12 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qlnl-rpm2

Abstract

We construct a large number of exact solutions of three-dimensional gravity with heavy matter particles that generalize the construction of Antonini, Sasieta, and Swingle, argued to define CFT states dual to a spacetime with a closed baby-universe cosmology. Our construction starts with an arbitrary heavy-particle closed universe cosmology of the type constructed in Maloney, Meruliya, and Van Raamsdonk [arXiv:2503.12227] and via a gluing procedure adds an arbitrary number of AdS tubes connecting the past and future conformal boundaries of the associated Euclidean wormhole solution. With our construction, it is straightforward to produce examples where the cosmology is approximately homogeneous and isotropic. We describe a necessary condition for the cosmological wormhole saddle to dominate the Euclidean path integral with the specified boundary conditions. We argue that the original Antonini-Sasieta-Swingle construction usually does not meet this condition and describe alternative saddles that are likely to dominate. We discuss various possibilities for how the cosmological saddle might be made to dominate in our generalized construction.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 106010– Published 12 May, 2026
  • Received 20 February 2026
  • Accepted 20 April 2026
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