- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Flavored Peccei-Quinn symmetries in the minimal νDFSZ model

J. R. Rocha*, H. B. Câmara†, and F. R. Joaquim‡

  • Departamento de Física and CFTP, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

  • *Contact author: jose.r.rocha@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
  • †Contact author: henrique.b.camara@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
  • ‡Contact author: filipe.joaquim@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 112, 075053 – Published 31 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qg58-qxp2

Abstract

We consider a Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnitsky (DFSZ) axion model extended with two right-handed neutrino fields to realize the minimal type-I seesaw. In this νDFSZ scheme we systematically determine the simplest quark and lepton flavor patterns compatible with masses, mixing, and charge-parity violation data, realized by flavored U(1) Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetries. We discuss axion dark matter production in pre- and postinflationary cosmology in this context, and predictions for the axion couplings to photons and fermions. In particular, helioscopes and haloscopes are able to probe our models via their distinct axion-to-photon couplings, while in the quark sector the most stringent constraints on axion-fermion couplings are set by K+→π++a. Flavor-violating constraints in the lepton sector are not as relevant as those stemming from red giants and star cooling SN1987a that restrict the diagonal ee and μμ axion couplings to charged leptons, respectively. We also obtain axion mass bounds for the most interesting models and discuss how minimal flavored PQ symmetries provide a natural framework to suppress flavor-violating couplings.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (149)

  1. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS, CMS Collaborations), Combined measurement of the Higgs boson mass in pp collisions at s=7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS experiments, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 191803 (2015).
  2. N. Cabibbo, Unitary symmetry and leptonic decays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 531 (1963).
  3. M. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa, CP violation in the renormalizable theory of weak interaction, Prog. Theor. Phys. 49, 652 (1973).
  4. A. B. McDonald, Nobel lecture: The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory: Observation of flavor change for solar neutrinos, Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 030502 (2016).
  5. T. Kajita, Nobel lecture: Discovery of atmospheric neutrino oscillations, Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 030501 (2016).
  6. E. Majorana, Teoria simmetrica dell’elettrone e del positrone, Nuovo Cimento 14, 171 (1937).
  7. S. Weinberg, Effective gauge theories, Phys. Lett. 91B, 51 (1980).
  8. P. Minkowski, μ→eγ at a rate of one out of 109 muon decays?, Phys. Lett. 67B, 421 (1977).
  9. M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond, and R. Slansky, Complex spinors and unified theories, Conf. Proc. C 790927, 315 (1979).
  10. T. Yanagida, Horizontal gauge symmetry and masses of neutrinos, Conf. Proc. C 7902131, 95 (1979).
  11. J. Schechter and J. W. F. Valle, Neutrino masses in SU(2)×U(1) theories, Phys. Rev. D 22, 2227 (1980).
  12. S. L. Glashow, The future of elementary particle physics, NATO Sci. Ser. B 61, 687 (1980).
  13. R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Neutrino mass and spontaneous parity nonconservation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 912 (1980).
  14. P. H. Frampton, S. L. Glashow, and T. Yanagida, Cosmological sign of neutrino CP violation, Phys. Lett. B 548, 119 (2002).
  15. A. Ibarra and G. G. Ross, Neutrino phenomenology: The case of two right-handed neutrinos, Phys. Lett. B 591, 285 (2004).
  16. K. Harigaya, M. Ibe, and T. T. Yanagida, Seesaw mechanism with occam’s razor, Phys. Rev. D 86, 013002 (2012).
  17. T. Rink and K. Schmitz, Perturbed Yukawa textures in the minimal seesaw model, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2017) 158.
  18. Y. Shimizu, K. Takagi, and M. Tanimoto, Towards the minimal seesaw model via CP violation of neutrinos, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2017) 201.
  19. D. M. Barreiros, R. G. Felipe, and F. R. Joaquim, Minimal type-I seesaw model with maximally restricted texture zeros, Phys. Rev. D 97, 115016 (2018).
  20. D. M. Barreiros, R. G. Felipe, and F. R. Joaquim, Combining texture zeros with a remnant CP symmetry in the minimal type-I seesaw, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2019) 223.
  21. D. M. Barreiros, F. R. Joaquim, and T. T. Yanagida, New approach to neutrino masses and leptogenesis with occam’s razor, Phys. Rev. D 102, 055021 (2020).
  22. P. F. de Salas, D. V. Forero, S. Gariazzo, P. Martínez-Miravé, O. Mena, C. A. Ternes, M. Tórtola, and J. W. F. Valle, 2020 global reassessment of the neutrino oscillation picture, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2021) 071.
  23. I. Esteban, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, I. Martinez-Soler, J. a. P. Pinheiro, and T. Schwetz, NuFit-6.0: updated global analysis of three-flavor neutrino oscillations, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2024) 216.
  24. F. Capozzi, W. Giarè, E. Lisi, A. Marrone, A. Melchiorri, and A. Palazzo, Neutrino masses and mixing: Entering the era of subpercent precision, Phys. Rev. D 111, 093006 (2025).
  25. H. Ishimori, T. Kobayashi, H. Ohki, Y. Shimizu, H. Okada, and M. Tanimoto, Non-Abelian discrete symmetries in particle physics, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 183, 1 (2010).
  26. S. Morisi and J. W. F. Valle, Neutrino masses and mixing: A flavour symmetry roadmap, Fortschr. Phys. 61, 466 (2013).
  27. S. F. King, Unified models of neutrinos, flavour and CP violation, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 94, 217 (2017).
  28. S. T. Petcov, Discrete flavour symmetries, neutrino mixing and leptonic CP violation, Eur. Phys. J. C 78, 709 (2018).
  29. F. Feruglio and A. Romanino, Lepton flavor symmetries, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 015007 (2021).
  30. Z. Xing, Flavor structures of charged fermions and massive neutrinos, Phys. Rep. 854, 1 (2020).
  31. W. Grimus, A. S. Joshipura, L. Lavoura, and M. Tanimoto, Symmetry realization of texture zeros, Eur. Phys. J. C 36, 227 (2004).
  32. A. Dighe and N. Sahu, Texture zeroes and discrete flavor symmetries in light and heavy Majorana neutrino mass matrices: a bottom-up approach,
  33. B. Adhikary, A. Ghosal, and P. Roy, Mu Tau symmetry, tribimaximal mixing and four zero neutrino Yukawa textures, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2009) 040.
  34. S. Dev, S. Gupta, and R. R. Gautam, Zero textures of the neutrino mass matrix from cyclic family symmetry, Phys. Lett. B 701, 605 (2011).
  35. R. González Felipe and H. Serôdio, Abelian realization of phenomenological two-zero neutrino textures, Nucl. Phys. B886, 75 (2014).
  36. R. Samanta and A. Ghosal, Probing maximal zero textures with broken cyclic symmetry in inverse seesaw, Nucl. Phys. B911, 846 (2016).
  37. T. Kobayashi, T. Nomura, and H. Okada, Predictive neutrino mass textures with origin of flavor symmetries, Phys. Rev. D 98, 055025 (2018).
  38. M. H. Rahat, P. Ramond, and B. Xu, Asymmetric tribimaximal texture, Phys. Rev. D 98, 055030 (2018).
  39. N. Nath, μ−τ reflection symmetry and its explicit breaking for leptogenesis in a minimal seesaw model, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 34, 1950329 (2019).
  40. S. S. Correia, R. G. Felipe, and F. R. Joaquim, Dirac neutrinos in the 2HDM with restrictive Abelian symmetries, Phys. Rev. D 100, 115008 (2019).
  41. H. B. Camara, R. G. Felipe, and F. R. Joaquim, Minimal inverse-seesaw mechanism with Abelian flavour symmetries, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2021) 021.
  42. D. M. Barreiros, F. R. Joaquim, R. Srivastava, and J. W. F. Valle, Minimal scoto-seesaw mechanism with spontaneous CP violation, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2021) 249.
  43. D. M. Barreiros, H. B. Camara, and F. R. Joaquim, Flavour and dark matter in a scoto/type-II seesaw model, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2022) 030.
  44. J. R. Rocha, H. B. Câmara, R. G. Felipe, and F. R. Joaquim, Minimal U(1) two-Higgs-doublet models for quark and lepton flavor, Phys. Rev. D 110, 035027 (2024).
  45. P. O. Ludl and W. Grimus, A complete survey of texture zeros in the lepton mass matrices, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2014) 090; 10 (2014) 126(E).
  46. P. O. Ludl and W. Grimus, A complete survey of texture zeros in general and symmetric quark mass matrices, Phys. Lett. B 744, 38 (2015).
  47. L. M. Cebola, D. Emmanuel-Costa, and R. G. Felipe, Confronting predictive texture zeros in lepton mass matrices with current data, Phys. Rev. D 92, 025005 (2015).
  48. G. C. Branco, P. M. Ferreira, L. Lavoura, M. N. Rebelo, M. Sher, and J. P. Silva, Theory and phenomenology of two-Higgs-doublet models, Phys. Rep. 516, 1 (2012).
  49. P. M. Ferreira and J. P. Silva, Abelian symmetries in the two-Higgs-doublet model with fermions, Phys. Rev. D 83, 065026 (2011).
  50. J. M. Pendlebury et al., Revised experimental upper limit on the electric dipole moment of the neutron, Phys. Rev. D 92, 092003 (2015).
  51. C. A. Baker and et al., Improved experimental limit on the electric dipole moment of the neutron, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 131801 (2006).
  52. R. Peccei and H. Quinn, CP conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 1440 (1977).
  53. R. Peccei and H. Quinn, Constraints imposed by CP conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles, Phys. Rev. D 16, 1791 (1977).
  54. S. Weinberg, A new light boson?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 223 (1978).
  55. F. Wilczek, Problem of strong p and t invariance in the presence of instantons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 279 (1978).
  56. A. R. Zhitnitsky, On Possible Suppression of the axion hadron interactions. (In Russian). Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 31, 260 (1980).
  57. M. Dine, W. Fischler, and M. Srednicki, A simple solution to the strong CP problem with a harmless axion, Phys. Lett. B 104, 199 (1981).
  58. J. E. Kim, Weak interaction singlet and strong CP invariance, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 103 (1979).
  59. M. A. Shifman, A. I. Vainshtein, and V. I. Zakharov, Can confinement ensure natural CP invariance of strong interactions?, Nucl. Phys. B166, 493 (1980).
  60. L. Di Luzio, M. Giannotti, E. Nardi, and L. Visinelli, The landscape of QCD axion models, Phys. Rep. 870, 1 (2020).
  61. F. Wilczek, Decays of heavy vector mesons into Higgs particles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 1304 (1977).
  62. T. W. Donnelly, S. J. Freedman, R. S. Lytel, R. D. Peccei, and M. Schwartz, Do axions exist?, Phys. Rev. D 18, 1607 (1978).
  63. L. J. Hall and M. B. Wise, Flavor changing Higgs—boson couplings, Nucl. Phys. B187, 397 (1981).
  64. J. M. Frere, J. A. M. Vermaseren, and M. B. Gavela, The elusive axion, Phys. Lett. 103B, 129 (1981).
  65. Y. Asano, E. Kikutani, S. Kurokawa, T. Miyachi, M. Miyajima, Y. Nagashima, T. Shinkawa, S. Sugimoto, and Y. Yoshimura, Search for a rare decay mode K+—> pi + neutrino anti-neutrino and axion, Phys. Lett. 107B, 159 (1981).
  66. A. Zehnder, Axion search in a monochromatic γ transition: A new lower limit for the axion mass, Phys. Lett. 104B, 494 (1981).
  67. W. A. Bardeen, R. D. Peccei, and T. Yanagida, Constraints on variant axion models, Nucl. Phys. B279, 401 (1987).
  68. J. Preskill, M. B. Wise, and F. Wilczek, Cosmology of the invisible axion, Phys. Lett. 120B, 127 (1983).
  69. L. F. Abbott and P. Sikivie, A cosmological bound on the invisible axion, Phys. Lett. 120B, 133 (1983).
  70. M. Dine and W. Fischler, The not so harmless axion, Phys. Lett. 120B, 137 (1983).
  71. A. Davidson and K. C. Wali, Minimal flavor unification via multigenerational Peccei-Quinn symmetry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 11 (1982).
  72. A. Celis, J. Fuentes-Martín, and H. Serôdio, Effective aligned 2HDM with a DFSZ-like invisible axion, Phys. Lett. B 737, 185 (2014).
  73. A. Celis, J. Fuentes-Martín, and H. Serôdio, A class of invisible axion models with FCNCs at tree level, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2014) 167.
  74. A. Celis, J. Fuentes-Martin, and H. Serodio, An invisible axion model with controlled FCNCs at tree level, Phys. Lett. B 741, 117 (2015).
  75. P. Cox, M. J. Dolan, M. Hayat, A. Thamm, and R. R. Volkas, Classification of three-family flavoured DFSZ axion models that have no domain wall problem, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2024) 011.
  76. L. M. G. de la Vega, N. Nath, S. Nellen, and E. Peinado, Flavored axion in the UV-complete Froggatt–Nielsen models, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 608 (2021).
  77. R. R. Volkas, A. J. Davies, and G. C. Joshi, Naturalness of the invisible axion model, Phys. Lett. B 215, 133 (1988).
  78. J. D. Clarke and R. R. Volkas, Technically natural nonsupersymmetric model of neutrino masses, baryogenesis, the strong CP problem, and dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 93, 035001 (2016).
  79. A. H. Sopov and R. R. Volkas, VISHν: Solving five standard model shortcomings with a Poincaré-protected electroweak scale, Phys. Dark Universe 42, 101381 (2023).
  80. R. R. Volkas, VISH ν: Flavour-variant DFSZ axion model for inflation, neutrino masses, dark matter, and baryogenesis, Lett. High Energy Phys. 2023, 358 (2023).
  81. M. Matlis, J. Dutta, G. Moortgat-Pick, and A. Ringwald, Inflation and Higgs phenomenology in a model unifying the DFSZ axion with the Majoron, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2024) 007.
  82. A. Salvio, A simple motivated completion of the standard model below the Planck scale: Axions and Right-Handed neutrinos, Phys. Lett. B 743, 428 (2015).
  83. G. Ballesteros, J. Redondo, A. Ringwald, and C. Tamarit, Unifying inflation with the axion, dark matter, baryogenesis and the seesaw mechanism, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 071802 (2017).
  84. G. Ballesteros, J. Redondo, A. Ringwald, and C. Tamarit, Standard Model—axion—seesaw—Higgs portal inflation. Five problems of particle physics and cosmology solved in one stroke, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08 (2017) 001.
  85. A. Batra, H. B. Câmara, F. R. Joaquim, R. Srivastava, and J. W. F. Valle, Axion paradigm with color-mediated neutrino masses, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 051801 (2024).
  86. A. Batra, H. B. Câmara, F. R. Joaquim, N. Nath, R. Srivastava, and J. W. F. Valle, Axion framework with color-mediated Dirac neutrino masses, Phys. Lett. B 868, 139629 (2025).
  87. R. L. Workman et al. (Particle Data Group Collaboration), Review of particle physics, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2022, 083 (2022)C01.
  88. W. Rodejohann and J. W. F. Valle, Symmetrical parametrizations of the lepton mixing matrix, Phys. Rev. D 84, 073011 (2011).
  89. G. Grilli di Cortona, E. Hardy, J. Pardo Vega, and G. Villadoro, The QCD axion, precisely, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2016) 034.
  90. R. Gonzalez Felipe and H. Serodio, Maximally restrictive leptonic texture zeros in two-Higgs-doublet models, J. Phys. G 44, 065002 (2017).
  91. F. R. Joaquim, Neutrino masses from beta decays after KamLAND and WMAP, Phys. Rev. D 68, 033019 (2003).
  92. S. Abe et al. (KamLAND-Zen Collaboration), First search for the Majorana nature of neutrinos in the inverted mass ordering region with KamLAND-Zen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 051801 (2023).
  93. M. Agostini et al. (GERDA Collaboration), Final results of GERDA on the search for neutrinoless double-β decay, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 252502 (2020).
  94. G. Anton et al. (EXO-200 Collaboration), Search for neutrinoless double-β decay with the complete EXO-200 dataset, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 161802 (2019).
  95. D. Adams et al. (CUORE Collaboration), Improved limit on neutrinoless double-beta decay in Te130 with CUORE, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 122501 (2020).
  96. M. H. Lee (AMoRE Collaboration), AMoRE: A search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 100mo using low-temperature molybdenum-containing crystal detectors, J. Instrum 15, C08010 (2020).
  97. G. Wang et al. (CUPID Collaboration), CUPID: CUORE (Cryogenic underground observatory for rare events) upgrade with particle identification, arXiv:1504.03599.
  98. N. Abgrall et al. (LEGEND Collaboration), The large enriched germanium experiment for neutrinoless double beta decay (LEGEND), AIP Conf. Proc. 1894, 020027 (2017).
  99. S. Andringa et al. (SNO+ Collaboration), Current status and future prospects of the SNO+ experiment, Adv. High Energy Phys. 2016, 6194250 (2016).
  100. A. Gando et al. (KamLAND-Zen Collaboration), Search for Majorana neutrinos near the inverted mass hierarchy region with KamLAND-Zen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 082503 (2016).
  101. J. Albert et al. (nEXO Collaboration), Sensitivity and discovery potential of nexo to neutrinoless double beta decay, Phys. Rev. C 97, 065503 (2018).
  102. X. Chen et al., PandaX-III: Searching for neutrinoless double beta decay with high pressure Xe136 gas time projection chambers, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 60, 061011 (2017).
  103. J. Schechter and J. W. F. Valle, Neutrinoless double beta decay in SU(2)×U(1) theories, Phys. Rev. D 25, 2951 (1982).
  104. G. C. Branco, R. Gonzalez Felipe, F. R. Joaquim, and T. Yanagida, Removing ambiguities in the neutrino mass matrix, Phys. Lett. B 562, 265 (2003).
  105. C. B. Adams et al., Axion dark matter, in Snowmass 2021 (2022), 3, arXiv:2203.14923.
  106. J. Martin Camalich, M. Pospelov, P. N. H. Vuong, R. Ziegler, and J. Zupan, Quark flavor phenomenology of the QCD axion, Phys. Rev. D 102, 015023 (2020).
  107. G. Alonso-Álvarez, J. M. Cline, and T. Xiao, The flavor of QCD axion dark matter, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2023) 187.
  108. N. Aghanim et al. (Planck Collaboration), Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020); 652, C4(E) (2021).
  109. M. Beltran, J. Garcia-Bellido, and J. Lesgourgues, Isocurvature bounds on axions revisited, Phys. Rev. D 75, 103507 (2007).
  110. D. P. Bennett and F. R. Bouchet, Evidence for a scaling solution in cosmic string evolution, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 257 (1988).
  111. D. G. Levkov, A. G. Panin, and I. I. Tkachev, Gravitational Bose-Einstein condensation in the kinetic regime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 151301 (2018).
  112. M. Gorghetto, E. Hardy, and G. Villadoro, Axions from strings: The attractive solution, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2018) 151.
  113. M. Buschmann, J. W. Foster, and B. R. Safdi, Early-Universe simulations of the cosmological axion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 161103 (2020).
  114. G. Lazarides, M. Reig, Q. Shafi, R. Srivastava, and J. W. F. Valle, Spontaneous breaking of lepton number and the cosmological domain wall problem, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 151301 (2019).
  115. M. Kawasaki, K. Saikawa, and T. Sekiguchi, Axion dark matter from topological defects, Phys. Rev. D 91, 065014 (2015).
  116. V. B. Klaer and G. D. Moore, The dark-matter axion mass, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2017) 049.
  117. M. Gorghetto, E. Hardy, and G. Villadoro, More axions from strings, SciPost Phys. 10, 050 (2021).
  118. M. Buschmann, J. W. Foster, A. Hook, A. Peterson, D. E. Willcox, W. Zhang, and B. R. Safdi, Dark matter from axion strings with adaptive mesh refinement, Nat. Commun. 13, 1049 (2022).
  119. J. N. Benabou, M. Buschmann, J. W. Foster, and B. R. Safdi, Axion mass prediction from adaptive mesh refinement cosmological lattice simulations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 241003 (2025).
  120. L. Di Luzio, F. Mescia, and E. Nardi, Redefining the axion window, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 031801 (2017).
  121. V. Anastassopoulos et al. (CAST Collaboration), New CAST limit on the axion-photon interaction, Nat. Phys. 13, 584 (2017).
  122. N. Du et al. (ADMX Collaboration), A search for invisible axion dark matter with the axion dark matter experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 151301 (2018).
  123. T. Braine et al. (ADMX Collaboration), Extended search for the invisible axion with the axion dark matter experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 101303 (2020).
  124. C. Bartram et al. (ADMX Collaboration), Search for invisible axion dark matter in the 3.3–4.2 μeV mass range, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 261803 (2021).
  125. S. De Panfilis, A. C. Melissinos, B. E. Moskowitz, J. T. Rogers, Y. K. Semertzidis, W. Wuensch, H. J. Halama, A. G. Prodell, W. B. Fowler, and F. A. Nezrick, Limits on the abundance and coupling of cosmic axions at 4.5-Microev < m(a) <5.0-Microev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 839 (1987).
  126. O. Kwon et al. (CAPP Collaboration), First results from an axion haloscope at CAPP around 10.7  μeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 191802 (2021).
  127. K. M. Backes et al. (HAYSTAC Collaboration), A quantum-enhanced search for dark matter axions, Nature (London) 590, 238 (2021).
  128. I. Shilon, A. Dudarev, H. Silva, and H. H. J. ten Kate, Conceptual design of a new large superconducting toroid for IAXO, the new international AXion observatory, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 23, 4500604 (2013).
  129. I. Stern, ADMX status, Proc. Sci., ICHEP2016 (2016) 198 [arXiv:1612.08296].
  130. S. Beurthey et al., MADMAX status report, arXiv:2003.10894.
  131. A. J. Millar et al. (ALPHA Collaboration), Searching for dark matter with plasma haloscopes, Phys. Rev. D 107, 055013 (2023).
  132. M. Lawson, A. J. Millar, M. Pancaldi, E. Vitagliano, and F. Wilczek, Tunable axion plasma haloscopes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 141802 (2019).
  133. M. Wooten, A. Droster, A. Kenany, D. Sun, S. M. Lewis, and K. van Bibber, Exploration of wire array metamaterials for the plasma axion haloscope, Ann. Phys. (Amsterdam) 536, 2200479 (2024).
  134. L. Calibbi, D. Redigolo, R. Ziegler, and J. Zupan, Looking forward to lepton-flavor-violating alps, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2021) 173.
  135. J. Martin Camalich and R. Ziegler, Flavor phenomenology of light dark sectors, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 75, 223 (2025).
  136. S. Adler et al. (E949, E787 Collaboration), Measurement of the K+→π+νν¯ branching ratio, Phys. Rev. D 77, 052003 (2008).
  137. M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group Collaboration), Review of particle physics, Phys. Rev. D 98, 030001 (2018).
  138. B. I. Eisenstein et al. (CLEO Collaboration), Precision measurement of B(D+—> mu + nu) and the pseudoscalar decay constant f(D+). Phys. Rev. D 78, 052003 (2008).
  139. J. P. Lees et al. (BABAR Collaboration), Search for B→K(*)νν¯ and invisible quarkonium decays, Phys. Rev. D 87, 112005 (2013).
  140. B. Aubert et al. (BABAR Collaboration), A search for the decay B+→K+νν¯, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 101801 (2005).
  141. M. M. Miller Bertolami, B. E. Melendez, L. G. Althaus, and J. Isern, Revisiting the axion bounds from the galactic white dwarf luminosity function, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2014) 069.
  142. F. Capozzi and G. Raffelt, Axion and neutrino bounds improved with new calibrations of the tip of the red-giant branch using geometric distance determinations, Phys. Rev. D 102, 083007 (2020).
  143. S. Bottaro, A. Caputo, G. Raffelt, and E. Vitagliano, Stellar limits on scalars from electron-nucleus bremsstrahlung, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2023) 071.
  144. R. Bollig, W. DeRocco, P. W. Graham, and H.-T. Janka, Muons in supernovae: Implications for the axion-muon coupling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 051104 (2020); 126, 189901(E) (2021).
  145. D. Croon, G. Elor, R. K. Leane, and S. D. McDermott, Supernova muons: New constraints on Z’ bosons, axions and ALPs, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2021) 107.
  146. A. Caputo, G. Raffelt, and E. Vitagliano, Muonic boson limits: Supernova redux, Phys. Rev. D 105, 035022 (2022).
  147. R. D. Bolton et al., Search for rare muon decays with the crystal box detector, Phys. Rev. D 38, 2077 (1988).
  148. H. Albrecht et al. (ARGUS Collaboration), A Search for lepton flavor violating decays tau—-> e alpha, tau—> mu alpha, Z. Phys. C 68, 25 (1995).
  149. P. Carenza, T. Fischer, M. Giannotti, G. Guo, G. Martínez-Pinedo, and A. Mirizzi, Improved axion emissivity from a supernova via nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2019) 016; 05 (2020) E01.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, 075053– Published 31 October, 2025
  • Received 17 April 2025
  • Accepted 18 September 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation