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  • Open Access

Soret and Dufour effects in hot and dense QCD matter

Kamaljeet Singh, Kangkan Goswami, and Raghunath Sahoo

  • *Contact author: Raghunath.Sahoo@cern.ch
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 014040 – Published 30 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/q97t-xs31

Abstract

The gradients act as invisible engines of transport, converting microscopic imbalances into macroscopic flows and, thus, providing deep insights into the dynamics of physical systems. Thermal gradients do not merely drive the flow of heat, but they also set the microscopic constituents of the system into motion. In such scenarios, the constituents of the system not only transport energy, but also diffuse collectively under the influence of these gradients. For the very first time, we present a first-principles investigation of the Soret and Dufour effects in hot and dense QCD matter. We use the relativistic Boltzmann transport equation under the relaxation time approximation. By incorporating chemical potential and temperature gradients into the kinetic theory framework, we derive explicit expressions for the Dufour coefficient, which quantifies the heat flow due to concentration gradients, and the Soret coefficient, which describes the particle diffusion induced by thermal gradients. These coupled-transport phenomena are traditionally studied in multicomponent classical systems at low energy scales. In this study, we follow quasiparticle models for the deconfined phase and the hadron resonance gas model for the confined hadronic phase in the context of heavy-ion collisions. This study provides novel insights into the thermodiffusion and diffusion-thermo phenomena and opens avenues for incorporating such effects in hydrodynamic modeling and transport simulations of QCD matter.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 014040– Published 30 January, 2026
  • Received 24 September 2025
  • Accepted 16 January 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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