Open Access

Identification of low-energy kaons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector

S. Abbaslu¹¹⁴, F. Abd Alrahman⁸¹, A. Abed Abud³⁵, R. Acciarri³⁵, L. P. Accorsi¹⁹³, M. A. Acero¹², M. R. Adames¹⁹³, G. Adamov⁷², M. Adamowski⁶⁶ et al. (DUNE Collaboration)

M. Adamowski⁶⁶, C. Adriano³⁰, F. Akbar¹⁷⁶, F. Alemanno⁹⁸, N. S. Alex¹⁷⁶, K. Allison⁴³, M. Alrashed¹²³, A. Alton¹³, R. Alvarez³⁹, T. Alves⁸⁹, A. Aman⁶⁹, H. Amar⁸⁴, P. Amedo^85,84, J. Anderson⁸, D. A. Andrade⁸⁸, C. Andreopoulos¹³¹, M. Andreotti^95,67, M. P. Andrews⁶⁶, F. Andrianala⁵, S. Andringa¹³⁰, F. Anjarazafy⁵, S. Ansarifard¹¹⁴, D. Antic¹⁹, M. Antoniassi¹⁹³, A. Aranda-Fernandez⁴², T. Araya-Santander³², L. Arellano¹³⁷, E. Arrieta Diaz¹⁸¹, M. A. Arroyave⁶⁶, M. Artero Pons¹⁵⁹, J. Asaadi¹⁹⁷, M. Ascencio¹¹², A. Ashkenazi¹⁹⁴, D. Asner²⁰, L. Asquith¹⁹¹, E. Atkin⁸⁹, D. Auguste¹⁶¹, A. Aurisano⁴⁰, V. Aushev¹²⁷, D. Autiero¹¹³, D. Ávila Gómez⁵⁸, M. B. Azam⁸⁸, F. Azfar¹⁵⁷, A. Back⁹², J. J. Back²¹⁰, Y. Bae¹⁴⁵, I. Bagaturia⁷², L. Bagby⁶⁶, D. Baigarashev², S. Balasubramanian⁶⁶, A. Balboni^67,95, P. Baldi²⁴, W. Baldini⁹⁵, J. Baldonedo²⁰⁷, B. Baller⁶⁶, B. Bambah⁸², F. Barao^130,116, D. Barbu²¹, G. Barenboim⁸⁴, P. Barham Alzás³⁵, G. J. Barker²¹⁰, W. Barkhouse¹⁵⁰, G. Barr¹⁵⁷, A. Barros¹⁹³, N. Barros^130,61, D. Barrow¹⁵⁷, J. L. Barrow¹⁴⁵, A. Basharina-Freshville²⁰³, A. Bashyal²⁰, V. Basque⁶⁶, M. Bassani¹⁰⁰, D. Basu¹⁵¹, C. Batchelor⁵⁷, L. Bathe-Peters¹⁵⁷, J. B. R. Battat²¹¹, F. Battisti⁹³, J. Bautista¹⁴⁵, F. Bay⁴, J. L. L. Bazo Alba¹⁷⁰, J. F. Beacom¹⁵⁵, E. Bechetoille¹¹³, B. Behera¹⁸⁷, E. Belchior¹³³, B. Bell⁵⁴, G. Bell⁵², L. Bellantoni⁶⁶, G. Bellettini^104,168, V. Bellini^94,31, O. Beltramello³⁵, A. Belyaev²¹⁶, C. Benitez Montiel^84,10, D. Benjamin²⁰, F. Bento Neves¹³⁰, J. Berger⁴⁴, S. Berkman¹⁴¹, J. Bermudez¹⁰², J. Bernal¹⁰, P. Bernardini^98,180, A. Bersani⁹⁷, E. Bertholet¹⁹⁴, E. Bertolini⁹⁹, S. Bertolucci^93,17, M. Betancourt⁶⁶, A. Betancur Rodríguez⁵⁸, Y. Bezawada²³, A. T. Bezerra⁶², A. Bhat³⁷, V. Bhatnagar¹⁶⁰, M. Bhattacharjee⁹⁰, S. Bhattacharjee¹³³, M. Bhattacharya⁶⁶, S. Bhuller¹⁵⁷, B. Bhuyan⁹⁰, S. Biagi¹⁰⁷, J. Bian²⁴, K. Biery⁶⁶, B. Bilki^15,111, M. Bishai²⁰, P. Bishop²¹³, A. Blake¹²⁸, F. D. Blaszczyk⁶⁶, G. C. Blazey¹⁵¹, E. Blucher³⁷, A. Bodek¹⁷⁶, B. Bogart¹⁴⁰, J. Boissevain¹³², S. Bolognesi³⁴, T. Bolton¹²³, L. Bomben^99,110, M. Bonesini^99,142, C. Bonilla-Diaz³², A. Booth¹⁷³, F. Boran⁹², C. Borden⁹², R. Borges Merlo³⁰, N. Bostan¹¹¹, G. Botogoske¹⁰¹, B. Bottino^97,71, R. Bouet¹³⁴, J. Boza⁴⁴, J. Bracinik¹⁶, B. Brahma⁹¹, D. Brailsford¹²⁸, F. Bramati⁹⁹, A. Branca⁹⁹, A. Brandt¹⁹⁷, J. Bremer³⁵, S. J. Brice⁶⁶, V. Brio⁹⁴, C. Brizzolari^99,142, C. Bromberg¹⁴¹, J. Brooke¹⁹, A. Bross⁶⁶, G. Brunetti^99,142, M. B. Brunetti²⁰⁴, N. Buchanan⁴⁴, H. Budd¹⁷⁶, J. Buergi¹⁴, A. Bundock¹⁹, D. Burgardt²¹², S. Butchart¹⁹¹, G. Caceres V.²³, R. Calabrese¹⁰¹, R. Calabrese^95,67, J. Calcutt^20,156, L. Calivers¹⁴, E. Calvo³⁹, A. Caminata⁹⁷, A. F. Camino¹⁶⁹, W. Campanelli¹³⁰, A. Campani^97,71, A. Campos Benitez²⁰⁸, N. Canci¹⁰¹, J. Capó⁸⁴, I. Caracas¹³⁶, D. Caratelli²⁷, D. Carber⁴⁴, J. M. Carceller³⁵, G. Carini²⁰, B. Carlus¹¹³, M. F. Carneiro²⁰, P. Carniti^99,142, I. Caro Terrazas⁴⁴, H. Carranza¹⁹⁷, N. Carrara²³, L. Carroll¹²³, T. Carroll²¹⁴, A. Carter¹⁷⁷, E. Casarejos²⁰⁷, D. Casazza⁹⁵, J. F. Castaño Forero⁷, F. A. Castaño⁶, C. Castromonte¹⁰⁹, E. Catano-Mur²¹³, C. Cattadori⁹⁹, F. Cavalier¹⁶¹, F. Cavanna⁶⁶, E. F. Ceceña-Avendaño⁴¹, S. Centro¹⁵⁹, G. Cerati⁶⁶, C. Cerna¹¹⁵, A. Cervelli⁹³, A. Cervera Villanueva⁸⁴, J. Chakrani¹²⁹, M. Chalifour³⁵, A. Chappell²¹⁰, A. Chatterjee¹⁶⁷, B. Chauhan¹¹¹, C. Chavez Barajas¹³¹, H. Chen²⁰, M. Chen²⁴, W. C. Chen¹⁹⁹, Y. Chen¹⁸⁵, Z. Chen²⁴, D. Cherdack⁸¹, S. S. Chhibra¹⁷³, C. Chi⁴⁵, F. Chiapponi⁹³, R. Chirco⁸⁸, N. Chitirasreemadam^104,168, K. Cho¹²⁶, S. Choate¹¹¹, G. Choi¹⁷⁶, D. Chokheli⁷², P. S. Chong⁴⁵, B. Chowdhury⁸, D. Christian⁶⁶, M. Chung²⁰², E. Church¹⁵⁸, M. F. Cicala²⁰³, M. Cicerchia¹⁵⁹, V. Cicero^93,17, R. Ciolini¹⁰⁴, P. Clarke⁵⁷, G. Cline¹²⁹, A. G. Cocco¹⁰¹, J. A. B. Coelho¹⁶², A. Cohen¹⁶², J. Collazo²⁰⁷, J. Collot⁷⁶, H. Combs²⁰⁸, J. M. Conrad¹³⁸, L. Conti¹⁰⁶, T. Contreras⁶⁶, M. Convery¹⁸⁵, K. Conway¹⁸⁹, S. Copello¹⁰³, P. Cova^100,163, C. Cox¹⁷⁷, L. Cremonesi¹⁷³, J. I. Crespo-Anadón³⁹, M. Crisler⁶⁶, E. Cristaldo^99,10, J. Crnkovic⁶⁶, G. Crone²⁰³, R. Cross²¹⁰, A. Cudd⁴³, C. Cuesta³⁹, Y. Cui²⁶, F. Curciarello⁹⁶, D. Cussans¹⁹, J. Dai⁷⁶, O. Dalager⁶⁶, W. Dallaway¹⁹⁹, R. D’Amico^95,67, H. da Motta³³, Z. A. Dar²¹³, R. Darby¹⁹¹, L. Da Silva Peres⁶⁵, Q. David¹¹³, G. S. Davies¹⁴⁶, S. Davini⁹⁷, J. Dawson¹⁶², R. De Aguiar³⁰, P. Debbins¹¹¹, M. P. Decowski^148,3, A. de Gouvêa¹⁵², P. C. De Holanda³⁰, P. De Jong^148,3, P. Del Amo Sanchez⁵¹, G. De Lauretis¹¹³, A. Delbart³⁴, M. Delgado^99,142, A. Dell’Acqua³⁵, G. Delle Monache⁹⁶, N. Delmonte^100,163, P. De Lurgio⁸, G. De Matteis^98,180, J. R. T. de Mello Neto⁶⁵, A. P. A. De Mendonca³⁰, D. M. DeMuth²⁰⁶, S. Dennis²⁹, C. Densham¹⁷⁹, P. Denton²⁰, G. W. Deptuch²⁰, A. De Roeck³⁵, V. De Romeri⁸⁴, J. P. Detje²⁹, J. Devine³⁵, K. Dhanmeher¹¹³, R. Dharmapalan⁷⁹, M. Dias²⁰¹, A. Diaz²⁸, J. S. Díaz⁹², F. Díaz¹⁷⁰, F. Di Capua^101,147, A. Di Domenico^182,105, S. Di Domizio^97,71, S. Di Falco¹⁰⁴, L. Di Giulio³⁵, P. Ding⁶⁶, L. Di Noto^97,71, E. Diociaiuti⁹⁶, G. Di Sciascio¹⁰⁶, V. Di Silvestre¹⁸², C. Distefano¹⁰⁷, R. Di Stefano¹⁰⁶, R. Diurba¹⁴, M. Diwan²⁰, Z. Djurcic⁸, S. Dolan³⁵, M. Dolce²¹², M. J. Dolinski⁵⁴, D. Domenici⁹⁶, S. Dominguez³⁹, S. Donati^104,168, S. Doran¹¹², D. Douglas¹⁸⁵, T. A. Doyle¹⁸⁹, F. Drielsma¹⁸⁵, D. Duchesneau⁵¹, K. Duffy¹⁵⁷, K. Dugas²⁴, P. Dunne⁸⁹, B. Dutta¹⁹⁵, D. A. Dwyer¹²⁹, A. S. Dyshkant¹⁵¹, S. Dytman¹⁶⁹, M. Eads¹⁵¹, A. Earle¹⁹¹, S. Edayath¹¹², D. Edmunds¹⁴¹, J. Eisch⁶⁶, W. Emark¹⁵¹, P. Englezos¹⁷⁸, A. Ereditato³⁷, T. Erjavec²³, C. O. Escobar⁶⁶, J. J. Evans¹³⁷, E. Ewart⁹², A. C. Ezeribe¹⁸⁴, K. Fahey⁶⁶, A. Falcone^99,142, M. Fani’^145,132, D. Faragher¹⁴⁵, C. Farnese¹⁰², Y. Farzan¹¹⁴, J. Felix⁷⁷, Y. Feng¹¹², M. Ferreira da Silva²⁰¹, G. Ferry¹⁶¹, E. Fialova⁵⁰, L. Fields¹⁵³, P. Filip⁴⁹, A. Filkins¹⁹², F. Filthaut^148,174, G. Fiorillo^101,147, M. Fiorini^95,67, S. Fogarty⁴⁴, W. Foreman¹³², J. Fowler⁵⁵, J. Franc⁵⁰, K. Francis¹⁵¹, D. Franco³⁷, J. Franklin⁵⁶, J. Freeman⁶⁶, J. Fried²⁰, A. Friedland¹⁸⁵, M. Fucci¹⁸⁹, S. Fuess⁶⁶, I. K. Furic⁶⁸, K. Furman¹⁷³, A. P. Furmanski¹⁴⁵, R. Gaba¹⁶⁰, A. Gabrielli^93,17, A. M. Gago¹⁷⁰, F. Galizzi^99,142, H. Gallagher²⁰⁰, M. Galli¹⁶², N. Gallice²⁰, V. Galymov¹¹³, E. Gamberini³⁵, T. Gamble¹⁸⁴, R. Gandhi⁷⁸, S. Ganguly⁶⁶, F. Gao²⁷, S. Gao²⁰, D. Garcia-Gamez⁷³, M. Á. García-Peris ^137,†, F. Gardim⁶², S. Gardiner⁶⁶, A. Gartman⁵⁰, A. Gauch¹⁴, P. Gauzzi^182,105, S. Gazzana⁹⁶, G. Ge⁴⁵, N. Geffroy⁵¹, B. Gelli³⁰, S. Gent¹⁸⁸, L. Gerlach²⁰, A. Ghosh¹¹², T. Giammaria^95,67, D. Gibin^159,102, I. Gil-Botella³⁹, A. Gioiosa¹⁰⁶, S. Giovannella⁹⁶, A. K. Giri⁹¹, V. Giusti¹⁰⁴, D. Gnani¹²⁹, O. Gogota¹²⁷, S. Gollapinni¹³², K. Gollwitzer⁶⁶, R. A. Gomes⁶³, L. S. Gomez Fajardo¹⁸³, D. Gonzalez-Diaz⁸⁵, J. Gonzalez-Santome³⁵, M. C. Goodman⁸, S. Goswami¹⁶⁷, C. Gotti⁹⁹, J. Goudeau¹³³, C. Grace¹²⁹, E. Gramellini¹³⁷, R. Gran¹⁴⁴, P. Granger³⁵, C. Grant¹⁸, D. R. Gratieri^70,30, G. Grauso¹⁰¹, P. Green¹⁵⁷, S. Greenberg^22,129, W. C. Griffith¹⁹¹, A. Gruber¹⁹⁴, K. Grzelak²⁰⁹, L. Gu¹²⁸, W. Gu²⁰, V. Guarino⁸, M. Guarise^95,67, R. Guenette¹³⁷, M. Guerzoni⁹³, D. Guffanti^99,142, A. Guglielmi¹⁰², F. Y. Guo¹⁸⁹, A. Gupta⁸⁷, V. Gupta^148,3, G. Gurung¹⁹⁷, D. Gutierrez¹⁷¹, P. Guzowski¹³⁷, M. M. Guzzo³⁰, S. Gwon³⁸, A. Habig¹⁴⁴, L. Haegel¹¹³, R. Hafeji^84,85, L. Hagaman³⁷, A. Hahn⁶⁶, J. Hakenmüller⁵⁵, T. Hamernik⁶⁶, P. Hamilton⁸⁹, J. Hancock¹⁶, M. Handley²⁹, F. Happacher⁹⁶, B. Harris¹⁶⁵, D. A. Harris^217,66, L. Harris⁷⁹, A. L. Hart¹⁷³, J. Hartnell¹⁹¹, T. Hartnett¹⁷⁹, J. Harton⁴⁴, T. Hasegawa¹²⁵, C. M. Hasnip³⁵, K. Hassinin⁸¹, R. Hatcher⁶⁶, S. Hawkins¹⁴¹, J. Hays¹⁷³, M. He⁸¹, A. Heavey⁶⁶, K. M. Heeger²¹⁵, A. Heindel¹⁸⁹, J. Heise¹⁹⁰, P. Hellmuth¹³⁴, L. Henderson¹⁵⁶, J. Hernández⁸⁴, M. A. Hernandez Morquecho¹⁴⁵, K. Herner⁶⁶, V. Hewes⁴⁰, A. Higuera¹⁷⁵, A. Himmel⁶⁶, E. Hinkle³⁷, L. R. Hirsch¹⁹³, J. Ho⁵³, J. Hoefken Zink⁹³, J. Hoff⁶⁶, A. Holin¹⁷⁹, T. Holvey¹⁵⁷, C. Hong¹⁶², S. Horiuchi²⁰⁸, G. A. Horton-Smith¹²³, R. Hosokawa¹¹⁸, T. Houdy¹⁶¹, B. Howard^217,66, R. Howell¹⁷⁶, I. Hristova¹⁷⁹, M. S. Hronek⁶⁶, H. Hua⁸⁹, J. Huang²³, R. G. Huang¹²⁹, X. Huang¹⁴⁶, Z. Hulcher¹⁸⁵, A. Hussain¹²³, G. Iles⁸⁹, N. Ilic¹⁹⁹, A. M. Iliescu⁹⁶, R. Illingworth⁶⁶, G. Ingratta²¹⁷, A. Ioannisian²¹⁶, M. Ismerio Oliveira⁶⁵, C. M. Jackson¹⁵⁸, A. Jacobi²⁴, V. Jain¹, E. James⁶⁶, W. Jang¹⁹⁷, B. Jargowsky²⁴, D. Jena⁶⁶, I. Jentz²¹⁴, C. Jiang¹¹⁹, J. Jiang¹⁸⁹, A. Jipa²¹, J. H. Jo²⁰, F. R. Joaquim^130,116, W. Johnson¹⁸⁷, C. Jollet¹³⁴, R. Jones¹⁸⁴, M. Joshi¹⁸⁶, N. Jovancevic¹⁵⁴, M. Judah¹⁶⁹, C. K. Jung¹⁸⁹, K. Y. Jung¹⁷⁶, T. Junk⁶⁶, Y. Jwa^185,45, M. Kabirnezhad⁸⁹, A. C. Kaboth^177,179, I. Kadenko¹²⁷, O. Kalikulov², D. Kalra⁴⁵, M. Kandemir⁶⁰, S. Kar¹⁹, G. Karagiorgi⁴⁵, G. Karaman¹¹¹, A. Karcher¹²⁹, Y. Karyotakis⁵¹, S. P. Kasetti¹³³, L. Kashur⁴⁴, A. Kauther¹⁵¹, N. Kazaryan²¹⁶, L. Ke²⁰, E. Kearns¹⁸, P. T. Keener¹⁶⁵, K. J. Kelly¹⁹⁵, R. Keloth²⁰⁸, E. Kemp³⁰, O. Kemularia⁷², Y. Kermaidic¹⁶¹, W. Ketchum⁶⁶, S. H. Kettell²⁰, N. Khan⁸⁹, A. Khvedelidze⁷², D. Kim¹⁹⁵, J. Kim¹⁷⁶, M. J. Kim⁶⁶, S. Kim³⁸, B. King⁶⁶, M. King³⁷, M. Kirby²⁰, A. Kish⁶⁶, J. Klein¹⁶⁵, J. Kleykamp¹⁴⁶, A. Klustova⁸⁹, T. Kobilarcik⁶⁶, L. Koch¹³⁶, K. Koehler²¹⁴, L. W. Koerner⁸¹, D. H. Koh¹⁸⁵, M. Kordosky²¹³, T. Kosc⁷⁶, V. A. Kostelecký⁹², I. Kotler⁵⁴, W. Krah¹⁴⁸, R. Kralik¹⁹¹, M. Kramer¹²⁹, F. Krennrich¹¹², T. Kroupova¹⁶⁵, S. Kubota¹²⁹, M. Kubu³⁵, V. A. Kudryavtsev¹⁸⁴, G. Kufatty⁶⁹, S. Kuhlmann⁸, A. Kumar¹⁴⁵, J. Kumar⁷⁹, M. Kumar⁸⁷, P. Kumar¹²⁰, P. Kumar¹⁸⁴, R. Kumar¹⁷², S. Kumaran²⁴, J. Kunzmann¹⁴, V. Kus⁵⁰, T. Kutter¹³³, J. Kvasnicka⁴⁹, T. Labree¹⁵¹, M. Lachat¹⁷⁶, T. Lackey⁶⁶, I. Lalău²¹, A. Lambert¹²⁹, B. J. Land¹⁶⁵, C. E. Lane⁵⁴, N. Lane¹³⁷, K. Lang¹⁹⁸, T. Langford²¹⁵, M. Langstaff¹³⁷, F. Lanni³⁵, J. Larkin¹⁷⁶, P. Lasorak⁸⁹, D. Last¹⁷⁶, A. Laundrie²¹⁴, G. Laurenti⁹³, E. Lavaut¹⁶¹, H. Lay¹²⁸, I. Lazanu²¹, R. LaZur⁴⁴, M. Lazzaroni^100,143, S. Leardini⁸⁵, J. Learned⁷⁹, T. LeCompte¹⁸⁵, G. Lehmann Miotto³⁵, R. Lehnert⁹², M. Leitner¹²⁹, H. Lemoine¹⁴⁴, D. Leon Silverio¹⁸⁷, L. M. Lepin⁶⁹, J.-Y. Li⁵⁷, S. W. Li²⁴, Y. Li²⁰, R. Lima⁶², C. S. Lin¹²⁹, D. Lindebaum¹⁹, S. Linden²⁰, R. A. Lineros³², A. Lister²¹⁴, B. R. Littlejohn⁸⁸, J. Liu²⁴, Y. Liu³⁷, S. Lockwitz⁶⁶, I. Lomidze⁷², K. Long⁸⁹, J. Lopez⁶, I. López de Rego³⁹, N. López-March⁸⁴, J. M. LoSecco¹⁵³, A. Lozano Sanchez⁵⁴, X.-G. Lu²¹⁰, K. B. Luk^80,129,22, X. Luo²⁷, E. Luppi^95,67, A. A. Machado³⁰, P. Machado⁶⁶, C. T. Macias⁹², J. R. Macier⁶⁶, M. MacMahon²⁰³, S. Magill⁸, C. Magueur¹⁶¹, K. Mahn¹⁴¹, A. Maio^130,61, N. Majeed¹²³, A. Major⁵⁵, K. Majumdar¹³¹, A. Malige⁴⁵, S. Mameli¹⁰⁴, M. Man¹⁹⁹, R. C. Mandujano²⁴, J. Maneira^130,61, S. Manly¹⁷⁶, K. Manolopoulos¹⁷⁹, M. Manrique Plata⁹², S. Manthey Corchado³⁹, L. Manzanillas-Velez⁵¹, E. Mao¹⁹², M. Marchan⁶⁶, A. Marchionni⁶⁶, D. Marfatia⁷⁹, C. Mariani²⁰⁸, J. Maricic⁷⁹, F. Marinho¹¹⁷, A. D. Marino⁴³, T. Markiewicz¹⁸⁵, F. Das Chagas Marques³⁰, M. Marshak¹⁴⁵, C. M. Marshall¹⁷⁶, J. Marshall²¹⁰, L. Martina^98,180, J. Martín-Albo⁸⁴, D. A. Martinez Caicedo¹⁸⁷, M. Martinez-Casales⁶⁶, F. Martínez López⁹², S. Martynenko²⁰, V. Mascagna⁹⁹, A. Mastbaum¹⁷⁸, M. Masud³⁸, F. Matichard¹²⁹, G. Matteucci^101,147, J. Matthews¹³³, C. Mauger¹⁶⁵, N. Mauri^93,17, K. Mavrokoridis¹³¹, I. Mawby¹²⁸, F. Mayhew¹⁴¹, T. McAskill²¹¹, N. McConkey¹⁷³, B. McConnell⁹², K. S. McFarland¹⁷⁶, C. McGivern⁶⁶, C. McGrew¹⁸⁹, A. McNab¹³⁷, C. McNulty¹²⁹, J. Mead¹⁴⁸, L. Meazza⁹⁹, V. C. N. Meddage⁶⁸, A. Medhi⁹⁰, M. Mehmood²¹⁷, B. Mehta¹⁶⁰, P. Mehta¹²⁰, F. Mei^93,17, P. Melas¹¹, L. Mellet¹⁴¹, T. C. D. Melo⁶², O. Mena⁸⁴, H. Mendez¹⁷¹, D. P. Méndez²⁰, A. Menegolli^103,164, G. Meng¹⁰², A. C. E. A. Mercuri¹⁹³, A. Meregaglia¹³⁴, M. D. Messier⁹², S. Metallo¹⁴⁵, W. Metcalf¹³³, M. Mewes⁹², H. Meyer²¹², T. Miao⁶⁶, J. Micallef^200,138, A. Miccoli⁹⁸, G. Michna¹⁸⁸, R. Milincic⁷⁹, F. Miller²¹⁴, G. Miller¹³⁷, W. Miller¹⁴⁵, A. Minotti^99,142, L. Miralles Verge³⁵, C. Mironov¹⁶², S. Miscetti⁹⁶, C. S. Mishra⁶⁶, P. Mishra⁸², S. R. Mishra¹⁸⁶, D. Mladenov³⁵, I. Mocioiu¹⁶⁶, A. Mogan⁶⁶, R. Mohanta⁸², T. A. Mohayai⁹², N. Mokhov⁶⁶, J. Molina¹⁰, L. Molina Bueno⁸⁴, E. Montagna^93,17, A. Montanari⁹³, C. Montanari^103,66,164, D. Montanari⁶⁶, D. Montanino^98,180, L. M. Montaño Zetina⁴¹, M. Mooney⁴⁴, A. F. Moor¹⁸⁴, M. Moore¹⁸⁵, Z. Moore¹⁹², D. Moreno⁷, G. Moreno-Granados²⁰⁸, O. Moreno-Palacios²¹³, L. Morescalchi¹⁰⁴, C. Morris⁸¹, E. Motuk²⁰³, C. A. Moura⁶⁴, G. Mouster¹²⁸, W. Mu⁶⁶, L. Mualem²⁸, J. Mueller⁶⁶, M. Muether²¹², F. Muheim⁵², A. Muir⁵², Y. Mukhamejanov², A. Mukhamejanova², M. Mulhearn²³, D. Munford⁸¹, L. J. Munteanu³⁵, H. Muramatsu¹⁴⁵, J. Muraz⁷⁶, M. Murphy²⁰⁸, T. Murphy⁶⁶, A. Mytilinaki¹⁷⁹, J. Nachtman¹¹¹, Y. Nagai⁵⁹, S. Nagu¹³⁵, H. Nam³⁸, D. Naples¹⁶⁹, S. Narita¹¹⁸, J. Nava^93,17, A. Navrer-Agasson⁸⁹, N. Nayak²⁰, M. Nebot-Guinot⁵⁷, A. Nehm¹³⁶, J. K. Nelson²¹³, O. Neogi¹¹¹, J. Nesbit²¹⁴, M. Nessi^66,35, D. Newbold¹⁷⁹, M. Newcomer¹⁶⁵, D. Newmark¹³⁸, R. Nichol²⁰³, F. Nicolas-Arnaldos⁷³, A. Nielsen²⁴, A. Nikolica¹⁶⁵, J. Nikolov¹⁵⁴, E. Niner⁶⁶, X. Ning²⁰, K. Nishimura⁷⁹, A. Norman⁶⁶, A. Norrick⁶⁶, F. Noto¹⁰⁷, P. Novella⁸⁴, A. Nowak¹²⁸, J. A. Nowak¹²⁸, M. Oberling⁸, J. P. Ochoa-Ricoux²⁴, S. Oh⁵⁵, S. B. Oh⁶⁶, A. Olivier⁸, T. Olson⁸¹, Y. Onel¹¹¹, Y. Onishchuk¹²⁷, A. Oranday⁹², M. Osbiston²¹⁰, J. A. Osorio Vélez⁶, L. O’Sullivan¹³⁶, L. Otiniano Ormachea^46,109, L. Pagani²³, G. Palacio⁵⁸, O. Palamara⁶⁶, S. Palestini¹⁰⁸, J. M. Paley⁶⁶, M. Pallavicini^97,71, C. Palomares³⁹, S. Pan¹⁶⁷, M. Panareo^98,180, P. Panda⁸², V. Pandey⁶⁶, W. Panduro Vazquez¹⁷⁷, E. Pantic²³, V. Paolone¹⁶⁹, A. Papadopoulou¹³², R. Papaleo¹⁰⁷, D. Papoulias¹¹, S. Paramesvaran¹⁹, J. Park¹⁴⁵, J. Park³⁸, S. Parke⁶⁶, S. Parsa¹⁴, S. Parveen¹²⁰, M. Parvu²¹, D. Pasciuto¹⁰⁴, S. Pascoli^93,17, L. Pasqualini^93,17, J. Pasternak⁸⁹, G. Patel¹⁴⁵, J. L. Paton⁶⁶, C. Patrick⁵⁷, L. Patrizii⁹³, R. B. Patterson²⁸, T. Patzak¹⁶², A. Paudel⁶⁶, J. Paul¹⁴⁸, L. Paulucci¹¹⁷, Z. Pavlovic⁶⁶, G. Pawloski¹⁴⁵, D. Payne¹³¹, A. Peake¹⁷⁷, V. Pec⁴⁹, E. Pedreschi¹⁰⁴, S. J. M. Peeters¹⁹¹, W. Pellico⁶⁶, E. Pennacchio¹¹³, A. Penzo¹¹¹, O. L. G. Peres³⁰, Y. F. Perez Gonzalez⁵⁶, L. Pérez-Molina³⁹, C. Pernas²¹³, J. Perry⁵⁷, D. Pershey⁶⁹, G. Pessina⁹⁹, G. Petrillo¹⁸⁵, C. Petta^94,31, R. Petti¹⁸⁶, M. Pfaff⁸⁹, V. Pia^93,17, G. M. Piacentino¹⁰⁶, L. Pickering^179,177, L. Pierini^67,95, F. Pietropaolo^35,102, V. L. Pimentel^47,30, G. Pinaroli²⁰, S. Pincha⁹⁰, J. Pinchault⁵¹, K. Pitts²⁰⁸, P. Plesniak⁸⁹, K. Pletcher¹⁴¹, K. Plows¹⁵⁷, C. Pollack¹⁷¹, T. Pollmann^148,3, F. Pompa⁸⁴, X. Pons³⁵, N. Poonthottathil^87,112, V. Popov¹⁹⁴, F. Poppi^93,17, J. Porter¹⁹¹, L. G. Porto Paixão³⁰, M. Potekhin²⁰, M. Pozzato^93,17, R. Pradhan⁹¹, T. Prakash¹²⁹, M. Prest⁹⁹, F. Psihas⁶⁶, D. Pugnere¹¹³, D. Pullia^35,162, X. Qian²⁰, J. Queen⁵⁵, J. L. Raaf⁶⁶, M. Rabelhofer⁹², V. Radeka²⁰, J. Rademacker¹⁹, F. Raffaelli¹⁰⁴, A. Rafique⁸, U. Rahaman¹⁹⁹, A. Rahe¹⁵¹, S. Rajagopalan²⁰, M. Rajaoalisoa⁴⁰, I. Rakhno⁶⁶, L. Rakotondravohitra⁵, M. A. Ralaikoto⁵, L. Ralte⁹¹, M. A. Ramirez Delgado¹⁶⁵, B. Ramson⁶⁶, S. S. Randriamanampisoa⁵, A. Rappoldi^103,164, G. Raselli^103,164, T. Rath¹⁸⁷, P. Ratoff¹²⁸, R. Ray⁶⁶, H. Razafinime⁴⁰, R. F. Razakamiandra¹⁸⁹, E. M. Rea¹⁴⁵, J. S. Real⁷⁶, B. Rebel^214,66, R. Rechenmacher⁶⁶, J. Reichenbacher¹⁸⁷, S. D. Reitzner⁶⁶, E. Renner¹³², S. Repetto^97,71, S. Rescia²⁰, F. Resnati³⁵, C. Reynolds¹⁷³, M. Ribas¹⁹³, S. Riboldi¹⁰⁰, C. Riccio¹⁸⁹, G. Riccobene¹⁰⁷, J. S. Ricol⁷⁶, M. Rigan¹⁹¹, A. Rikalo¹⁵⁴, E. V. Rincón⁵⁸, A. Ritchie-Yates¹⁷⁷, D. Rivera¹³², A. Robert⁷⁶, A. Roberts¹³¹, E. Robles²⁴, A. Roche⁸⁴, M. Roda¹³¹, D. Rodas Rodríguez⁸⁵, M. J. O. Rodrigues⁶², J. Rodriguez Rondon¹⁸⁷, S. Rosauro-Alcaraz¹⁶¹, P. Rosier¹⁶¹, D. Ross¹⁴¹, M. Rossella^103,164, M. Ross-Lonergan⁴⁵, T. Rotsy⁵, N. Roy²¹⁷, P. Roy²¹², P. Roy²⁰⁸, C. Rubbia⁷⁴, D. Rudik¹⁰¹, A. Ruggeri⁹³, G. Ruiz Ferreira¹³⁷, K. Rushiya¹²⁰, B. Russell¹³⁸, S. Sacerdoti¹⁶², N. Saduyev², S. Saha¹⁶⁹, S. K. Sahoo⁹¹, N. Sahu⁹¹, S. Sakhiyev², P. Sala⁶⁶, G. Salmoria¹⁹³, S. Samanta⁹⁷, M. C. Sanchez⁶⁹, A. Sánchez-Castillo⁷³, P. Sanchez-Lucas⁷³, D. A. Sanders¹⁴⁶, S. Sanfilippo¹⁰⁷, D. Santoro^100,163, N. Saoulidou¹¹, P. Sapienza¹⁰⁷, I. Sarcevic⁹, I. Sarra⁹⁶, G. Savage⁶⁶, V. Savinov¹⁶⁹, G. Scanavini²¹⁵, A. Scanu⁹⁹, A. Scaramelli¹⁰³, T. Schefke¹³³, H. Schellman^156,66, S. Schifano^95,67, P. Schlabach⁶⁶, D. Schmitz³⁷, A. W. Schneider¹³⁸, K. Scholberg⁵⁵, A. Schroeder¹⁴⁵, A. Schukraft⁶⁶, B. Schuld⁴³, S. Schwartz²⁸, A. Segade²⁰⁷, H. Segal¹⁹⁴, E. Segreto³⁰, A. Selyunin¹⁴, D. Senadheera¹⁶⁹, C. R. Senise²⁰¹, J. Sensenig¹⁶⁵, S. H. Seo⁶⁶, D. Seppela¹⁴¹, M. H. Shaevitz⁴⁵, P. Shanahan⁶⁶, P. Sharma¹⁶⁰, S. Sharma Poudel¹⁸⁷, K. Shaw¹⁹¹, T. Shaw⁶⁶, K. Shchablo¹¹³, J. Shen¹⁶⁵, C. Shepherd-Themistocleous¹⁷⁹, J. Shi²⁹, W. Shi¹⁸⁹, S. Shin¹²¹, S. Shivakoti²¹², A. Shmakov²⁴, I. Shoemaker²⁰⁸, D. Shooltz¹⁴¹, R. Shrock¹⁸⁹, M. Siden⁴⁴, J. Silber¹²⁹, L. Simard¹⁶¹, J. Sinclair¹⁸⁵, G. Sinev¹⁸⁷, Jaydip Singh²³, J. Singh¹³⁵, L. Singh⁴⁸, P. Singh¹⁷³, V. Singh⁴⁸, S. Singh Chauhan¹⁶⁰, R. Sipos³⁵, C. Sironneau¹⁶², G. Sirri⁹³, K. Siyeon³⁸, K. Skarpaas¹⁸⁵, J. Smedley¹⁷⁶, J. Smith¹⁸⁹, P. Smith⁹², J. Smolik^50,49, M. Smy²⁴, M. Snape²¹⁰, E. L. Snider⁶⁶, P. Snopok⁸⁸, M. Soares Nunes⁶⁶, H. Sobel²⁴, M. Soderberg¹⁹², H. Sogarwal¹¹², C. J. Solano Salinas²⁰⁵, S. Söldner-Rembold⁸⁹, N. Solomey²¹², V. Solovov¹³⁰, W. E. Sondheim¹³², M. Sorbara¹⁰⁶, M. Sorel⁸⁴, J. Soto-Oton⁸⁴, A. Sousa⁴⁰, K. Soustruznik³⁶, D. Souza Correia³³, F. Spinella¹⁰⁴, J. Spitz¹⁴⁰, N. J. C. Spooner¹⁸⁴, D. Stalder¹⁰, M. Stancari⁶⁶, L. Stanco^159,102, J. Steenis²³, R. Stein¹⁹, H. M. Steiner¹²⁹, A. F. Steklain Lisbôa¹⁹³, J. Stewart²⁰, B. Stillwell³⁷, J. Stock¹⁸⁷, T. Stokes²¹⁵, T. Strauss⁶⁶, L. Strigari¹⁹⁵, A. Stuart⁴², J. G. Suarez⁵⁸, J. Subash¹⁶, A. Surdo⁹⁸, L. Suter⁶⁶, A. Sutton⁶⁹, K. Sutton²⁸, Y. Suvorov^101,147, R. Svoboda²³, S. K. Swain¹⁴⁹, C. Sweeney¹¹², B. Szczerbinska¹⁹⁶, A. M. Szelc⁵⁷, A. Sztuc²⁰³, A. Taffara¹⁰⁴, N. Talukdar¹⁸⁶, J. Tamara⁷, H. A. Tanaka¹⁸⁵, S. Tang²⁰, N. Taniuchi²⁹, A. M. Tapia Casanova¹³⁹, A. Tapper⁸⁹, S. Tariq⁶⁶, E. Tatar⁸³, R. Tayloe⁹², A. M. Teklu¹⁸⁹, K. Tellez Giron Flores²⁰, J. Tena Vidal¹⁹⁴, P. Tennessen^129,4, M. Tenti⁹³, K. Terao¹⁸⁵, F. Terranova^99,142, G. Testera⁹⁷, T. Thakore⁴⁰, A. Thea¹⁷⁹, S. Thomas¹⁹², A. Thompson¹⁵², C. Thorpe¹³⁷, S. C. Timm⁶⁶, E. Tiras^60,111, V. Tishchenko²⁰, S. Tiwari¹⁷⁶, N. Todorović¹⁵⁴, L. Tomassetti^95,67, A. Tonazzo¹⁶², D. Torbunov²⁰, D. Torres Muñoz¹⁸⁷, M. Torti^99,142, M. Tortola⁸⁴, Y. Torun⁸⁸, N. Tosi⁹³, D. Totani⁴⁴, M. Toups⁶⁶, C. Touramanis¹³¹, V. Trabattoni¹⁰⁰, D. Tran⁸¹, J. Trevor²⁸, E. Triller¹⁴¹, S. Trilov¹⁹, D. Trotta⁹⁹, J. Truchon²¹⁴, D. Truncali^182,105, W. H. Trzaska¹²², Y. Tsai²⁴, Y.-T. Tsai¹⁸⁵, Z. Tsamalaidze⁷², K. V. Tsang¹⁸⁵, N. Tsverava⁷², S. Z. Tu¹¹⁹, S. Tufanli³⁵, C. Tunnell¹⁷⁵, S. Turnberg⁸⁸, J. Turner⁵⁶, M. Tuzi⁸⁴, M. Tzanov¹³³, M. A. Uchida²⁹, J. Ureña González⁸⁴, J. Urheim⁹², T. Usher¹⁸⁵, H. Utaegbulam¹⁷⁶, S. Uzunyan¹⁵¹, M. R. Vagins^124,24, P. Vahle²¹³, G. A. Valdiviesso⁶², E. Valencia⁷⁷, R. Valentim²⁰¹, Z. Vallari¹⁵⁵, E. Vallazza⁹⁹, J. W. F. Valle⁸⁴, R. Van Berg¹⁶⁵, D. V. Forero¹³⁹, P. Van Gemmeren⁸, A. Vannozzi⁹⁶, M. Van Nuland-Troost¹⁴⁸, F. Varanini¹⁰², D. Vargas Oliva¹⁹⁹, N. Vaughan¹⁵⁶, K. Vaziri⁶⁶, A. Vázquez-Ramos⁷³, J. Vega⁴⁶, J. Vences^130,61, S. Ventura¹⁰², A. Verdugo³⁹, M. Verzocchi⁶⁶, K. Vetter⁶⁶, M. Vicenzi²⁰, H. Vieira de Souza¹⁶², C. Vignoli⁷⁵, C. Vilela¹³⁰, E. Villa³⁵, S. Viola¹⁰⁷, B. Viren²⁰, G. V. Stenico⁵⁷, R. Vizarreta¹⁷⁶, A. P. Vizcaya Hernandez⁴⁴, S. Vlachos¹³⁷, G. Vorobyev¹⁸⁶, Q. Vuong¹⁷⁶, A. V. Waldron¹⁷³, L. Walker⁸¹, H. Wallace¹⁷⁷, M. Wallach¹⁴¹, J. Walsh¹⁴¹, T. Walton⁶⁶, L. Wan⁶⁶, B. Wang¹¹¹, H. Wang²⁵, J. Wang¹⁸⁷, M. H. L. S. Wang⁶⁶, X. Wang⁶⁶, Y. Wang⁸⁶, D. Warner⁴⁴, L. Warsame¹⁷⁹, M. O. Wascko^157,179, D. Waters²⁰³, A. Watson¹⁶, K. Wawrowska^179,191, A. Weber^136,66, C. M. Weber¹⁴⁵, M. Weber¹⁴, H. Wei¹³³, A. Weinstein¹¹², S. Westerdale²⁶, M. Wetstein¹¹², K. Whalen¹⁷⁹, A. J. White²¹⁵, L. H. Whitehead²⁹, D. Whittington¹⁹², F. Wieler¹⁹³, J. Wilhelmi²¹⁵, M. J. Wilking¹⁴⁵, A. Wilkinson²¹⁰, C. Wilkinson¹²⁹, F. Wilson¹⁷⁹, R. J. Wilson⁴⁴, P. Winter⁸, J. Wolcott²⁰⁰, J. Wolfs¹⁷⁶, T. Wongjirad²⁰⁰, A. Wood⁸¹, K. Wood¹²⁹, D. Wooley¹³², E. Worcester²⁰, M. Worcester²⁰, K. Wresilo²⁹, M. Wright¹³⁷, M. Wrobel⁴⁴, S. Wu¹⁴⁵, W. Wu²⁴, Z. Wu²⁴, M. Wurm¹³⁶, J. Wyenberg⁵³, B. M. Wynne⁵⁷, Y. Xiao²⁴, I. Xiotidis⁸⁹, B. Yaeggy⁴⁰, N. Yahlali⁸⁴, E. Yandel²⁷, G. Yang^20,189, J. Yang⁸⁰, T. Yang⁶⁶, A. Yankelevich²⁴, L. Yates⁶⁶, U. Yevarouskaya¹⁸⁹, K. Yonehara⁶⁶, T. Young¹⁵⁰, B. Yu²⁰, H. Yu²⁰, J. Yu¹⁹⁷, W. Yuan⁵⁷, M. Zabloudil⁵⁰, R. Zaki²¹⁷, J. Zalesak⁴⁹, L. Zambelli⁵¹, B. Zamorano⁷³, A. Zani¹⁰⁰, O. Zapata⁶, L. Zazueta¹⁹², G. P. Zeller⁶⁶, J. Zennamo⁶⁶, J. Zettlemoyer⁶⁶, K. Zeug²¹⁴, C. Zhang²⁰, S. Zhang⁹², Y. Zhang²⁰, L. Zhao²⁴, M. Zhao²⁰, E. D. Zimmerman⁴³, S. Zucchelli^93,17, A. Zummo¹⁷⁸, V. Zutshi¹⁵¹, and R. Zwaska⁶⁶ (DUNE Collaboration)

¹University of Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York 12222, USA
²Institute of Nuclear Physics at Almaty, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
³University of Amsterdam, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⁴Antalya Bilim University, 07190 Döşemealt𝚤/Antalya, Turkey
⁵University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
⁶University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
⁷Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
⁸Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
⁹University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
¹⁰Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
¹¹University of Athens, Zografou GR 157 84, Greece
¹²Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
¹³Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
¹⁴University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
¹⁵Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
¹⁶University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
¹⁷Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
¹⁸Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
¹⁹University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
²⁰Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
²¹University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
²²University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
²³University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
²⁴University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
²⁵University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
²⁶University of California Riverside, Riverside California 92521, USA
²⁷University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
²⁸California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
²⁹University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
³⁰Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-Sao Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
³¹Università di Catania, 2-95131 Catania, Italy
³²Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
³³Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-180, Brazil
³⁴IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
³⁵CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland
³⁶Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the Charles University, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
³⁷University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
³⁸Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
³⁹CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
⁴⁰University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
⁴¹Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
⁴²Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
⁴³University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
⁴⁴Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
⁴⁵Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
⁴⁶Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Lima, Peru
⁴⁷Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer, Amarais-Campinas, Sao Paulo-CEP 13069-901
⁴⁸Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, India
⁴⁹Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
⁵⁰Czech Technical University, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
⁵¹Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France
⁵²Daresbury Laboratory, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
⁵³Dordt University, Sioux Center, Iowa 51250, USA
⁵⁴Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
⁵⁵Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
⁵⁶Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
⁵⁷University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
⁵⁸Universidad EIA, Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia
⁵⁹Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
⁶⁰Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
⁶¹Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa–FCUL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁶²Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Poços de Caldas-MG, 37715-400, Brazil
⁶³Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiania, GO 74690-900, Brazil
⁶⁴Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André–Sao Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
⁶⁵Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro–RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
⁶⁶Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
⁶⁷University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
⁶⁸University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
⁶⁹Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306 USA
⁷⁰Fluminense Federal University, 9 Icaraí Niterói–RJ, 24220-900, Brazil
⁷¹Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
⁷²Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
⁷³University of Granada and CAFPE, 18002 Granada, Spain
⁷⁴Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy
⁷⁵Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, L’Aquila AQ, Italy
⁷⁶University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁷⁷Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, CP 37000, Mexico
⁷⁸Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Jhunsi, Allahabad 211 019, India
⁷⁹University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
⁸⁰Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
⁸¹University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
⁸²University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India
⁸³Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA
⁸⁴Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
⁸⁵Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
⁸⁶Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
⁸⁷Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
⁸⁸Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
⁸⁹Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom
⁹⁰Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, India
⁹¹Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India
⁹²Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
⁹³Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
⁹⁴Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
⁹⁵Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁹⁶Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁹⁷Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova GE, Italy
⁹⁸Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
⁹⁹Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3-I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹⁰⁰Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
¹⁰¹Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
¹⁰²Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
¹⁰³Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
¹⁰⁴Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali di Pisa, Pisa PI, Italy
¹⁰⁵Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, 00185 Roma RM, Italy
¹⁰⁶Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma RM, Italy
¹⁰⁷Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123 Catania, Italy
¹⁰⁸Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
¹⁰⁹Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima 25, Perú
¹¹⁰University of Insubria, Via Ravasi, 2, 21100 Varese VA, Italy
¹¹¹University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
¹¹²Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
¹¹³Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹¹⁴Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
¹¹⁵Particle Physics and Cosmology International Research Laboratory, Chicago Illinois, 60637 USA
¹¹⁶Instituto Superior Técnico–IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
¹¹⁷Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
¹¹⁸Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
¹¹⁹Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
¹²⁰Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
¹²¹Jeonbuk National University, Jeonrabuk-do 54896, South Korea
¹²²Jyväskylä University, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
¹²³Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
¹²⁴Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
¹²⁵High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
¹²⁶Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
¹²⁷Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
¹²⁸Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
¹²⁹Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
¹³⁰Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, 1649-003 Lisboa and 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
¹³¹University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, Liverpool, United Kingdom
¹³²Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
¹³³Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
¹³⁴Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Bordeaux–IN2P3, F-33175 Gradignan, Bordeaux, France
¹³⁵University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India
¹³⁶Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
¹³⁷University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
¹³⁸Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
¹³⁹University of Medellín, Medellín, 050026 Colombia
¹⁴⁰University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
¹⁴¹Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
¹⁴²Università di Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
¹⁴³Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
¹⁴⁴University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
¹⁴⁵University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
¹⁴⁶University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677 USA
¹⁴⁷Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli NA, Italy
¹⁴⁸Nikhef National Institute of Subatomic Physics, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
¹⁴⁹National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Odisha 752050, India
¹⁵⁰University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-8357, USA
¹⁵¹Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
¹⁵²Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
¹⁵³University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
¹⁵⁴University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia
¹⁵⁵Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
¹⁵⁶Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
¹⁵⁷University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
¹⁵⁸Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
¹⁵⁹Universtà degli Studi di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
¹⁶⁰Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
¹⁶¹Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
¹⁶²Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France
¹⁶³University of Parma, 43121 Parma PR, Italy
¹⁶⁴Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy
¹⁶⁵University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
¹⁶⁶Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
¹⁶⁷Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
¹⁶⁸Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
¹⁶⁹University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
¹⁷⁰Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
¹⁷¹University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 00681, Puerto Rico, USA
¹⁷²Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
¹⁷³Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
¹⁷⁴Radboud University, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
¹⁷⁵Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
¹⁷⁶University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
¹⁷⁷Royal Holloway College London, London, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
¹⁷⁸Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
¹⁷⁹STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
¹⁸⁰Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹⁸¹Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
¹⁸²Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma RM, Italy
¹⁸³Universidad Sergio Arboleda, 11022 Bogotá, Colombia
¹⁸⁴University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
¹⁸⁵SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
¹⁸⁶University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
¹⁸⁷South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
¹⁸⁸South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
¹⁸⁹Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
¹⁹⁰Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota, 57754, USA
¹⁹¹University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
¹⁹²Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
¹⁹³Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
¹⁹⁴Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
¹⁹⁵Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840
¹⁹⁶Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, USA
¹⁹⁷University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
¹⁹⁸University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
¹⁹⁹University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
²⁰⁰Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
²⁰¹Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil
²⁰²Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
²⁰³University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
²⁰⁴University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
²⁰⁵Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
²⁰⁶Valley City State University, Valley City, North Dakota 58072, USA
²⁰⁷University of Vigo, E- 36310 Vigo Spain
²⁰⁸Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
²⁰⁹University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
²¹⁰University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
²¹¹Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, USA
²¹²Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, USA
²¹³William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
²¹⁴University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
²¹⁵Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
²¹⁶Yerevan Institute for Theoretical Physics and Modeling, Yerevan 0036, Armenia
²¹⁷York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada

^*Full author list given at the end of the article.
^†Contact author: miguel.garciaperis@manchester.ac.uk

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 052004 – Published 9 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/q21l-pl7s

Abstract

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation neutrino experiment with a rich physics program that includes searches for the hypothetical phenomenon of proton decay. Utilizing liquid-argon time-projection chamber technology, DUNE is expected to achieve world-leading sensitivity in the proton decay channels that involve charged kaons in their final states. The first DUNE demonstrator, ProtoDUNE Single-Phase, was a 0.77 kt detector that operated from 2018 to 2020 at the CERN Neutrino Platform, exposed to a mixed hadron and electron test-beam with momenta ranging from 0.3 to $7 GeV / c$ . We present a selection of low-energy kaons among the secondary particles produced in hadronic reactions, using data from the 6 and $7 GeV / c$ beam runs. The selection efficiency is 1% and the sample purity 92%. The initial energies of the selected kaon candidates encompass the expected energy range of kaons originating from proton decay events in DUNE (below $\sim 200 MeV$ ). In addition, we demonstrate the capability of this detector technology to discriminate between kaons and other particles such as protons and muons, and provide a comprehensive description of their energy loss in liquid argon, which shows good agreement with the simulation. These results pave the way for future proton decay searches at DUNE.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 052004– Published 9 March, 2026

Vol. 113, Iss. 5 — 1 March 2026

Received 13 October 2025
Accepted 5 December 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/q21l-pl7s

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

Published by the American Physical Society

Physical Review D

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Identification of low-energy kaons in the ProtoDUNE-SP detector

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