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    Reflectionless and echo modes in asymmetric Damour-Solodukhin wormholes

    Wei-Liang Qian1,2,3,*, Qiyuan Pan4,1, Ramin G. Daghigh5, Bean Wang6, and Rui-Hong Yue1,†

    • 1Center for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
    • 2Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, 12602-810, Lorena, SP, Brazil
    • 3Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 12516-410, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil
    • 4Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, and Department of Physics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
    • 5Natural Sciences Department, Metropolitan State University, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55106, USA
    • 6Department of Physical Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Vanguard University, Costa Mesa, California 92626, USA

    • *Contact author: wlqian@usp.br
    • †Contact author: rhyue@yzu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. D 113, 124021 – Published 9 June, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/pqwg-g7nm

    Abstract

    It is understood that the echo waveforms in ultracompact objects can be regarded as composed mainly of the asymptotic high-overtone quasinormal modes, dubbed echo modes, which predominantly lie parallel to the real frequency axis. Alternatively, Rosato et al. recently suggested that high-frequency quasi-reflectionless scattering modes are primarily responsible for the echo phenomenon. This identification relies on greybody factors as stable observables, despite the apparent spectral instability of quasinormal modes. In this work, by extending the definition of quasi-reflectionless modes to reflectionless ones and generalizing symmetric Damour-Solodukhin wormholes to asymmetric cases, we examine the underlying similarity between the reflectionless and echo mode spectra in the complex frequency plane. Through a primarily analytical treatment, we demonstrate that the asymptotic properties of these two spectra exhibit a strong resemblance, featuring an approximately uniform distribution parallel to the real frequency axis with the same spacing between successive modes. Specifically, the real parts of echo modes coincide with those of reflectionless modes at the limit |Reω|≫|Imω|. While echo modes typically possess nonvanishing imaginary parts, the reflectionless modes of symmetric Damour-Solodukhin wormholes lie precisely on the real frequency axis, with any deviation serving as a measure of the degree of asymmetry of the wormhole. We support our derivations by employing two complementary approaches, based on the scattering matrix and the Green’s function. For a given identical source, the waveforms are calculated numerically using the Green’s functions. The amplitudes of the waveforms associated with reflectionless modes are found to be more pronounced than those of the echo modes, because reflectionless modes typically lie closer to the real frequency axis than the latter. It is argued that both perspectives provide effective tools for describing the echo phenomenon.

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