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Melting of cc¯ and bb¯ pairs in the pre-equilibrium stage of proton-nucleus collisions at the Large Hadron Collider

Lucia Oliva1,2,*, Gabriele Parisi1,3,†, Vincenzo Greco1,3,‡, and Marco Ruggieri1,2,§

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy “Ettore Majorana,” University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
  • 2INFN-Sezione di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
  • 3INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, I-95123 Catania, Italy

  • *Contact author: lucia.oliva@dfa.unict.it
  • †Contact author: gabriele.parisi@dfa.unict.it
  • ‡Contact author: greco@lns.infn.it
  • §Contact author: marco.ruggieri@dfa.unict.it
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 014008 – Published 2 July, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nc3z-vns9

Abstract

We study the melting of cc¯ and bb¯ pairs in the early stage of high-energy proton-nucleus collisions. We describe the early stage in terms of an evolving SU(3) glasma stage, that is dominated by intense, out-of-equilibrium gluon fields. On top of these fields, we liberate heavy quark-antiquark pairs, whose constituents are let evolve according to relativistic kinetic theory coupled to the gluon fields. We define a pair-by-pair probability that the pair melts during the evolution, which we relate to the fluctuations of the color charges induced by the interaction of the quarks with the gluon fields. We find that color decorrelation is the main melting mechanism within the pre-equilibrium stage. Moreover, we estimate that within Δτ≈0.4–0.5  fm/c after the formation time of the pairs, about 50% of cc¯ and bb¯ pairs are melted.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 014008– Published 2 July, 2025
  • Received 11 April 2025
  • Accepted 5 June 2025
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