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    Prediction of lithium isotope fluxes using data-driven production cross sections

    Meng-Jie Zhao1,2,*, Xiao-Jun Bi1,3,†, Kun Fang1,‡, Xing-Jian Lv1,3,§, and Peng-Fei Yin1,∥

    • *Contact author: zhaomj@ihep.ac.cn
    • †Contact author: bixj@ihep.ac.cn
    • ‡Contact author: fangkun@ihep.ac.cn
    • §Contact author: lvxj@ihep.ac.cn
    • ∥Contact author: yinpf@ihep.ac.cn

    Phys. Rev. D 112, 043022 – Published 14 August, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/n8g8-7bnf

    Abstract

    Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) generally share common propagation features, leading to consistent spectral observations of secondary nuclei such as Li, Be, and B. However, the Li spectrum predicted by the CR diffusion coefficient inferred from B/C is significantly lower than the latest measurement of AMS-02. This anomaly may be attributed to the missing contributions from the heavy nuclei components in cosmic rays. By including these missing contributions the excess of the Li spectrum disappears. However, another inconsistency still exists since the calculated Li spectrum is now overestimated compared to the data. In this work, we update the cross-section model used to calculate the Li production according to more cross-section measurements. We find that the cross sections of these added reactions are systematically overestimated, and should be renormalized to the interpolations of available data. As a result, our prediction of the total Li spectrum is consistent with the measurement without discrepancy, and our prediction of the Li6 and Li7 spectra are consistent with the preliminary measurements of AMS-02 within the cross-section uncertainties.

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