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    Generalized Joshi-Malafarina-Narayan naked singularity models

    Jay Verma Trivedi* and Pankaj S. Joshi†

    • International Centre for Space and Cosmology, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, India

    • *Contact author: jay.verma2210@gmail.com
    • †Contact author: pankaj.joshi@ahduni.edu.in

    Phys. Rev. D 114, 064065 – Published 16 September, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/n7v4-qc7x

    Abstract

    We construct here a generalization of Joshi-Malafarina-Narayan (JMN) naked singularity spacetimes that arise as equilibrium end states of gravitational collapse with nonvanishing tangential pressure. The generalization introduces density inhomogeneity through a radially dependent mass function F(r)=(M0+Mnrn)r3, leading to a two-parameter family of solutions matched smoothly to an exterior Schwarzschild spacetime. The observational properties of the spacetime are then examined through shadow formation and emission from accreting matter. We find that in this more general case, as well, when the photon sphere lies in the exterior Schwarzschild region, the shadow is identical to that of a Schwarzschild black hole. Accretion spectra show enhanced high–frequency emission compared to Schwarzschild, while deviations from the original JMN model remain small due to strong constraints on the inhomogeneity parameter. These results indicate that the generalized model effectively serves as a small perturbation of the JMN spacetime, demonstrating the robustness of the physical properties of the original JMN-type naked singularity geometries.

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