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Axial-vector leptophilic fifth force sourced by solar neutrinos

Rundong Fang1,2,*, Ji-Heng Guo1,*, Jia Liu3,2,†, Xiao-Ping Wang1,4,‡, and YanLi Zhao1,§

  • 1School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • 3School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • 4Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Materials and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: jialiu@pku.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: hcwangxiaoping@buaa.edu.cn
  • §Contact author: sy2419177@buaa.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 055041 – Published 25 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/mrm8-qv1j

Abstract

We investigate long-range, purely leptophilic axial-vector interactions mediated by a light gauge boson A′ that couples to charged leptons and, by weak symmetry, to left-handed neutrinos. We analyze two realizations, a minimal effective model with muon-only couplings and an anomaly-free axial U(1)′ with intergeneration cancelations. In both cases, the solar neutrino flux acts as an extended current that sources a macroscopic A′ field at Earth, with spatial components aligned along the Sun-Earth direction. This field produces a distinctive signature in storage-ring measurements of the muon anomalous magnetic moment, (g−2)μ, namely a diurnal, sign-changing contribution that is positive during daytime and negative at night, superimposed on a time-independent positive offset. We obtain bounds g′≲O(10−19) in both model frameworks for a light, effectively massless mediator. For completeness, we map the solar-neutrino–sourced potential to electron spin-sensor experiments and find g′≲O(10−22) in the electron channel.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 055041– Published 25 March, 2026
  • Received 30 November 2025
  • Accepted 9 March 2026
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