- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Spectroscopy of the ρ meson in a symmetric nuclear medium

Anshu Gautam*, Tanisha†, Satyajit Puhan‡, Arvind Kumar§, and Harleen Dahiya∥

  • *Contact author: gautamanshu681@gmail.com
  • †Contact author: tanisha220902@gmail.com
  • ‡Contact author: puhansatyajit@gmail.com
  • §Contact author: kumara@nitj.ac.in
  • ∥Contact author: dahiyah@nitj.ac.in
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 113, 114043 – Published 23 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/mhyf-cqzx

Abstract

In this work, we investigate the behavior of the light vector ρ meson in the presence of a symmetric nuclear medium at zero temperature. We calculate the mass, decay constant of the ρ meson, and leading twist distribution amplitudes (DAs) in the light-front quark model in vacuum, which are further investigated at different baryonic densities. We also predict the Mellin moments of the DAs and decay width of the ρ0→e+e− process in both vacuum and medium. The evolution of DAs is carried out by the leading order (LO) Efremov-Radyushkin-Brodsky-Lepage method and compared with available predictions. For better understanding of medium effects on the ρ meson, we have also predicted the in-medium charge [GC(Q2)], magnetic [GM(Q2)], and quadrupole [GQ(Q2)] form factors. The in-medium charge radii, magnetic moment, and quadrupole moment have also been predicted in this work. We have found that the nuclear medium induces appreciable modifications on the mass, weak decay constant, decay width, and distribution amplitudes of the ρ meson. However, the charge radii, magnetic moment, and quadrupole moment are observed to exhibit weaker sensitivity to changes in baryonic density.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (103)

  1. R. S. Hayano and T. Hatsuda, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 2949 (2010).
  2. G. E. Brown and M. Rho, Phys. Rep. 269, 333 (1996).
  3. G. E. Brown and M. Rho, Phys. Rep. 363, 85 (2002).
  4. J. J. Aubert et al. (European Muon Collaboration), Phys. Lett. 123B, 275 (1983).
  5. R. G. Arnold et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 727 (1984).
  6. V. L. Eletsky and B. L. Ioffe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1010 (1997).
  7. E. Friedman et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 122302 (2004).
  8. K. Suzuki et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 072302 (2004).
  9. F. Bonutti et al. (CHAOS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 603 (1996).
  10. P. Camerini et al. (CHAOS Collaboration), Nucl. Phys. A735, 89 (2004).
  11. G. Agakichiev et al. (CERES Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1272 (1995).
  12. M. A. Mazzoni (HELIOS/3 Collaboration), Nucl. Phys. A566, 95C (1994).
  13. D. Adamova et al. (CERES Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 666, 425 (2008).
  14. R. Arnaldi et al. (NA60 Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 162302 (2006).
  15. R. Nasseripour et al. (CLAS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 262302 (2007).
  16. J. Ruppert, T. Renk, and B. Muller, Phys. Rev. C 73, 034907 (2006).
  17. Y. Kwon, M. Procura, and W. Weise, Phys. Rev. C 78, 055203 (2008).
  18. M. Asakawa and C. M. Ko, Phys. Rev. C 48, R526 (1993).
  19. F. Riek, R. Rapp, Y. Oh, and T. S. H. Lee, Phys. Rev. C 82, 015202 (2010).
  20. J. P. B. C. de Melo and K. Tsushima, Phys. Lett. B 788, 137 (2019).
  21. M. Asakawa, C. M. Ko, P. Levai, and X. J. Qiu, Phys. Rev. C 46, R1159(R) (1992).
  22. G. Chanfray and P. Schuck, Nucl. Phys. A555, 329 (1993).
  23. P. T. P. Hutauruk, Y. Oh, and K. Tsushima, Phys. Rev. C 99, 015202 (2019).
  24. P. T. P. Hutauruk, J. J. Cobos-Martínez, Y. Oh, and K. Tsushima, Phys. Rev. D 100, 094011 (2019).
  25. A. J. Arifi, P. T. P. Hutauruk, and K. Tsushima, Phys. Rev. D 111, 074004 (2025).
  26. A. J. Arifi, P. T. P. Hutauruk, and K. Tsushima, Phys. Rev. D 107, 114010 (2023).
  27. S. Puhan, N. Kaur, A. Kumar, S. Dutt, and H. Dahiya, Phys. Rev. D 110, 054042 (2024).
  28. A. J. Arifi, H.-M. Choi, C.-R. ji, and Y. Oh, Phys. Rev. D 106, 014009 (2022).
  29. N. Dhiman, H. Dahiya, C.-R. Ji, and H.-M. Choi, Phys. Rev. D 100, 014026 (2019).
  30. H.-M. Choi, C.-R. Ji, Z. Li, and H.-Y. Ryu, Phys. Rev. C 92, 055203 (2015).
  31. H.-M. Choi and C.-R. Ji, Phys. Rev. D 59, 074015 (1999).
  32. P. Wang, Z.-Y. Zhang, and Y.-W. Yu, Commun. Theor. Phys. 36, 71 (2001).
  33. P. Wang, Z. Y. Zhang, Y. W. Yu, R. K. Su, and Q. Song, Nucl. Phys. A688, 791 (2001).
  34. H. Singh, A. Kumar, and H. Dahiya, Chin. Phys. C 41, 094104 (2017).
  35. H. Singh, A. Kumar, and H. Dahiya, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 135, 422 (2020).
  36. H. Singh, A. Kumar, and H. Dahiya, Eur. Phys. J. A 54, 120 (2018).
  37. S. Puhan, N. Kaur, A. Kumar, S. Dutt, and H. Dahiya, Nucl. Phys. B1017, 116940 (2025).
  38. D. Singh, S. Puhan, N. Kaur, M. Kaur, A. Kumar, S. Dutt, and H. Dahiya, Phys. Rev. D 111, 054001 (2025).
  39. N. Kaur, S. Puhan, R. Pandey, A. Kumar, S. Dutt, and H. Dahiya, Phys. Lett. B 859, 139114 (2024).
  40. S. R. Coleman, J. Wess, and B. Zumino, Phys. Rev. 177, 2239 (1969).
  41. S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. 166, 1568 (1968).
  42. P. Papazoglou, D. Zschiesche, S. Schramm, J. Schaffner-Bielich, H. Stoecker, and W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. C 59, 411 (1999).
  43. A. Mishra, E. L. Bratkovskaya, J. Schaffner-Bielich, S. Schramm, and H. Stoecker, Phys. Rev. C 69, 015202 (2004).
  44. A. Mishra, K. Balazs, D. Zschiesche, S. Schramm, H. Stoecker, and W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. C 69, 024903 (2004).
  45. R. Kumar and A. Kumar, Eur. Phys. J. C 79, 403 (2019).
  46. A. Kumar, S. Dutt, and H. Dahiya, Eur. Phys. J. A 60, 4 (2024).
  47. P. Wang, Z. Y. Zhang, Y. W. Yu, H. Guo, R. K. Su, and H. Q. Song, Nucl. Phys. A705, 455 (2002).
  48. N. Barik, B. K. Dash, and M. Das, Phys. Rev. D 31, 1652 (1985).
  49. N. Barik, R. N. Mishra, D. K. Mohanty, P. K. Panda, and T. Frederico, Phys. Rev. C 88, 015206 (2013).
  50. H.-M. Choi and C.-R. Ji, Phys. Lett. B 460, 461 (1999).
  51. B. D. Keister and W. N. Polyzou, Adv. Nucl. Phys. 20, 225 (1991).
  52. A. J. Arifi, L. Happ, S. Ohno, and M. Oka, Phys. Rev. D 110, 014020 (2024).
  53. R. A. Schneider, arXiv:hep-ph/0303104.
  54. I. Y. Aref’eva, A. Hajilou, A. Nikolaev, and P. Slepov, Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 1167 (2025).
  55. B. Fu, F. Gao, Y.-X. Liu, and H. Song, Phys. Lett. B 855, 138821 (2024).
  56. H.-M. Choi and C.-R. Ji, Phys. Rev. D 80, 054016 (2009).
  57. G. H. S. Yabusaki, J. P. B. C. de Melo, W. de Paula, K. Tsushima, and T. Frederico, Few-Body Syst. 59, 37 (2018).
  58. G. Gifari, P. T. P. Hutauruk, and T. Mart, Phys. Rev. D 110, 014043 (2024).
  59. G. W. Carter and D. Diakonov, Phys. Rev. D 60, 016004 (1999).
  60. R. Rapp, T. Schäfer, E. V. Shuryak, and M. Velkovsky, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 280, 35 (2000).
  61. H.-M. Choi and C.-R. Ji, Phys. Rev. D 75, 034019 (2007).
  62. D. Ebert, R. N. Faustov, and V. O. Galkin, Phys. Lett. B 635, 93 (2006).
  63. S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
  64. A. Mishra, Phys. Rev. C 91, 035201 (2015).
  65. C. M. Shakin and W.-D. Sun, Phys. Rev. C 49, 1185 (1994).
  66. P. Ball, V. M. Braun, and A. Lenz, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2007) 090.
  67. D. Becirevic, V. Lubicz, F. Mescia, and C. Tarantino, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2003) 007.
  68. V. M. Braun, T. Burch, C. Gattringer, M. Gockeler, G. Lacagnina, S. Schaefer, and A. Schafer, Phys. Rev. D 68, 054501 (2003).
  69. K. Jansen, C. McNeile, C. Michael, and C. Urbach (ETM Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 80, 054510 (2009).
  70. P. T. P. Hutauruk, T. Mart, and K. Tsushima, Phys. Rev. D 112, 114030 (2025).
  71. T. Hatsuda and S. H. Lee, Phys. Rev. C 46, R34 (1992).
  72. A. Kumar, P. Parui, S. De, and A. Mishra, Phys. Rev. C 100, 015207 (2019).
  73. A. Mishra, J. Reinhardt, H. Stoecker, and W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. C 66, 064902 (2002).
  74. V. L. Chernyak and A. R. Zhitnitsky, Phys. Rep. 112, 173 (1984).
  75. G. P. Lepage and S. J. Brodsky, Phys. Rev. D 22, 2157 (1980).
  76. C.-W. Hwang, Phys. Rev. D 81, 114024 (2010).
  77. A. V. Efremov and A. V. Radyushkin, Phys. Lett. 94B, 245 (1980).
  78. E. Ruiz Arriola and W. Broniowski, Phys. Rev. D 66, 094016 (2002).
  79. A. V. Pimikov, S. V. Mikhailov, and N. G. Stefanis, Few-Body Syst. 55, 401 (2014).
  80. W.-Y. Liu, E. Shuryak, and I. Zahed, Phys. Rev. D 109, 074029 (2024).
  81. J. R. Forshaw and R. Sandapen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 081601 (2012).
  82. J. R. Forshaw and R. Sandapen, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2010) 037.
  83. P. Ball, V. M. Braun, Y. Koike, and K. Tanaka, Nucl. Phys. B529, 323 (1998).
  84. T. Zhong, Y.-H. Dai, and H.-B. Fu, Chin. Phys. C 48, 063108 (2024).
  85. F. Gao, L. Chang, Y.-X. Liu, C. D. Roberts, and S. M. Schmidt, Phys. Rev. D 90, 014011 (2014).
  86. P. Ball and R. Zwicky, Phys. Rev. D 71, 014029 (2005).
  87. A. J. Arifi, H.-M. Choi, and C.-R. Ji, Phys. Rev. D 112, 033009 (2025).
  88. C. R. Ji, P. L. Chung, and S. R. Cotanch, Phys. Rev. D 45, 4214 (1992).
  89. R. Arthur, P. A. Boyle, D. Brommel, M. A. Donnellan, J. M. Flynn, A. Juttner, T. D. Rae, and C. T. C. Sachrajda, Phys. Rev. D 83, 074505 (2011).
  90. V. M. Braun et al., J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2017) 082.
  91. S. Puhan, S. Sharma, N. Kaur, N. Kumar, and H. Dahiya, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2024) 075.
  92. N. Kumar, Phys. Rev. D 99, 014039 (2019).
  93. H.-M. Choi and C.-R. Ji, Phys. Rev. D 70, 053015 (2004).
  94. S. J. Brodsky and J. R. Hiller, Phys. Rev. D 46, 2141 (1992).
  95. R. J. Hernández-Pinto, L. X. Gutiérrez-Guerrero, M. A. Bedolla, and A. Bashir, Phys. Rev. D 110, 114015 (2024).
  96. B. G. Lasscock, J. Hedditch, D. B. Leinweber, and A. G. Williams, Proc. Sci. LAT2006 (2006) 114.
  97. Tanisha, S. Puhan, A. Yadav, and H. Dahiya, Phys. Rev. D 112, 054035 (2025).
  98. M. S. Bhagwat and P. Maris, Phys. Rev. C 77, 025203 (2008).
  99. Y.-L. Luan, X.-L. Chen, and W.-Z. Deng, Chin. Phys. C 39, 113103 (2015).
  100. C. J. Shultz, J. J. Dudek, and R. G. Edwards, Phys. Rev. D 91, 114501 (2015).
  101. B. Owen, W. Kamleh, D. Leinweber, B. Menadue, and S. Mahbub, Phys. Rev. D 91, 074503 (2015).
  102. G. Agakishiev et al. (HADES Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 84, 014902 (2011).
  103. T. Ablyazimov et al. (CBM Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. A 53, 60 (2017).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 113, 114043– Published 23 June, 2026
  • Received 20 January 2026
  • Accepted 28 May 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation