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Revisiting predictions for cosmic-ray antinucleon fluxes from galactic dark matter

Lorenzo Stefanuto1,2,*, Mattia Di Mauro2,†, Fiorenza Donato1,2,3,‡, Nicolao Fornengo1,2,§, Jordan Koechler2,∥, and David Maurin4,¶

  • *Contact author: lorenzo.stefanuto@unito.it
  • †Contact author: dimauro.mattia@gmail.com
  • ‡Contact author: fiorenza.donato@unito.it
  • §Contact author: nicolao.fornengo@unito.it
  • ∥Contact author: jordan.koechler@gmail.com
  • Contact author: dmaurin@lpsc.in2p3.fr
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 083033 – Published 20 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ljzd-c2mt

Abstract

The data on cosmic antiprotons have reached an outstanding precision on energies spanning from GeV to hundreds of TeV, thanks to the space-based AMS-02 experiment. The balloon-borne GAPS experiment, which just completed its first Antarctic flight, will address antiproton and antideuteron fluxes well below GeV energies. Antinuclei in cosmic rays, as well as being produced by spallation reactions between cosmic-ray nuclei and the atoms of the interstellar medium, may hide contributions from exotic sources, such as particle dark matter annihilation in the Galaxy. In this paper, we present predictions for cosmic antiproton, antideuteron and antihelium fluxes both from secondary and dark matter origin. We use state-of-the-art production spectra, nuclear coalescence for antinuclei, and Galactic propagation models to derive upper limits on the dark matter annihilation cross section from AMS-02 antiproton data in different propagation scenarios (BIG and QUAINT). We quantify the impact of future GAPS data, showing that its sensitivity to sub-GV antiprotons could improve the ⟨σv⟩ constraints by up to an order of magnitude for light DM (mχ≲50  GeV). For heavier antinuclei, the detection perspective with existing and upcoming experiments are derived for those scenarios consistent with AMS-02 antiproton flux. The detectability of such signals strongly depends on the experiment, the propagation model, and the hadronization tuning. Our analysis underscores the complementarity of antinuclei channels for indirect DM searches and the critical role of low-energy windows in constraining light DM candidates.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 083033– Published 20 October, 2026
  • Received 26 May 2026
  • Accepted 3 September 2026
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