Open Access

Prospects for observing the missing $2 D$ and $1 F$ charmonium states around 4 GeV

Cheng-Xi Liu^*, Zi-Long Man^†, Tian-Le Gao ^‡, and Xiang Liu ^§

School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Gansu Provincial Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Quantum Physics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, MoE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, and Research Center for Hadron and CSR Physics, Lanzhou University and Institute of Modern Physics of CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China

^*Contact author: liuchx2025@lzu.edu.cn
^†Contact author: manzl@lzu.edu.cn
^‡Contact author: gaotl2025@lzu.edu.cn
^§Contact author: xiangliu@lzu.edu.cn

Phys. Rev. D 113, 074009 – Published 7 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/lgfd-3pqc

Abstract

Our understanding of high-lying states within the charmonium family remains incomplete, particularly in light of recent observations of charmonium states at energies around 4 GeV. In this study, we investigate the spectroscopic properties of several high-lying charmonia, focusing on the $2 D$ and $1 F$ states. A mass spectrum analysis is conducted, incorporating the unquenched effects. We then present a detailed study of the strong decay properties, including partial decay widths for two-body strong decays permitted by the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule. Additionally, we explore the primary radiative decay channels associated with these states. Finally, we discuss the radiative transitions of the $2 D$ and $1 F$ states via $e^{+} e^{-}$ annihilation. Theoretical predictions provided here aim to guide future experimental searches for high-lying charmonium states at facilities such as BESIII, Belle II, LHCb, and the future Super $τ$ –Charm Facility.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Quark model

Article Text

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 074009– Published 7 April, 2026

Vol. 113, Iss. 7 — 1 April 2026

Received 24 January 2026
Accepted 18 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/lgfd-3pqc

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Prospects for observing the missing $2 D$ and $1 F$ charmonium states around 4 GeV

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Prospects for observing the missing 2D and 1F charmonium states around 4 GeV

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Prospects for observing the missing $2 D$ and $1 F$ charmonium states around 4 GeV