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Constraints on dark matter boosted by supernova shock within the effective field theory framework from the CDEX-10 experiment

J. Z. Wang1, L. T. Yang1,*, Q. Yue1,†, K. J. Kang1, Y. J. Li1, H. P. An1,2, Greeshma C.3,‡, J. P. Chang4, H. Chen1 et al. (CDEX Collaboration)

H. Chen1, Y. H. Chen5, J. P. Cheng1,6, W. H. Dai1, Z. Deng1, C. H. Fang7, X. P. Geng1, H. Gong1, Q. J. Guo8, T. Guo1, X. Y. Guo5, L. He4, J. R. He5, H. X. Huang9, T. C. Huang10, S. Karmakar3,‡, H. B. Li3,‡, H. Y. Li7, J. M. Li1, J. Li1, M. C. Li5, Q. Y. Li7, R. M. J. Li7, X. Q. Li11, Y. L. Li1, Y. F. Liang1, B. Liao6, F. K. Lin3,‡, S. T. Lin7, J. X. Liu1, R. Z. Liu1, S. K. Liu7, Y. D. Liu6, Y. Liu7, Y. Y. Liu6, H. Ma1, Y. C. Mao8, A. Mureed7, Q. Y. Nie1, H. Pan4, N. C. Qi5, J. Ren9, X. C. Ruan9, M. B. Shen5, H. Y. Shi7, M. K. Singh3,12,‡, T. X. Sun6, W. L. Sun5, C. J. Tang7, Y. Tian1, H. F. Wan1, G. F. Wang6, L. Wang6, Q. Wang7, Q. Wang1,2, Y. F. Wang1, Y. X. Wang8, H. T. Wong3,‡, Y. C. Wu1, H. Y. Xing7, K. Z. Xiong5, R. Xu1, Y. Xu11, T. Xue1, Y. L. Yan7, N. Yi1, C. X. Yu11, H. J. Yu4, X. Yu1, M. Zeng1, Z. Zeng1, F. S. Zhang6, P. Zhang5, Z. H. Zhang1, Z. Y. Zhang1, M. G. Zhao11, J. F. Zhou5, Z. Y. Zhou9, and J. J. Zhu7 (CDEX Collaboration)

  • 1Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging (Ministry of Education) and Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
  • 2Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
  • 3Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529
  • 4NUCTECH Company, Beijing 100084
  • 5YaLong River Hydropower Development Company, Chengdu 610051
  • 6School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
  • 7College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065
  • 8School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871
  • 9Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413
  • 10Sino-French Institute of Nuclear and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082
  • 11School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071
  • 12Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005

  • *Contact author: yanglt@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: yueq@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
  • ‡Participating member of TEXONO Collaboration.
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 092011 – Published 18 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kxmk-7zfk

Abstract

Supernova shocks can boost dark matter (DM) particles to high, yet nonrelativistic, velocities, providing a suitable mechanism for analysis within the framework of the nonrelativistic effective field theory (NREFT). These accelerated DM sources extend the experimental ability to scan the parameter space of light DM into the sub-GeV region. In this study, we specifically analyze DM accelerated by the Monogem Ring supernova remnant, whose age (∼68000  yr) and distance to Earth (∼300 parsec) are strategically matched to enable detection with current terrestrial detectors. Utilizing the 205.4  kg·day data obtained from the CDEX-10 experiment at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, we derive new constraints on boosted DM within the NREFT framework. The NREFT coupling constant exclusion regions now penetrate the sub-GeV mass range, with optimal sensitivity achieved for operators O3, O6, O15 in the 0.4–0.6 GeV mass range.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 092011– Published 18 November, 2025
  • Received 7 April 2025
  • Accepted 29 October 2025
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