Hybrid black hole- and disk-driven jets: Steady axisymmetric ideal MHD modeling
Phys. Rev. D 113, 043054 – Published 24 February, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kv5f-kwzm
Abstract
Improved observations of relativistic jets have underscored the need for tractable theoretical models. Here we develop a semianalytical hybrid jet model that combines black hole-driven and disk-driven components within steady, axisymmetric, ideal general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics framework. We derive a criterion for the launching sites of cold outflows, introducing a new constraint on the magnetic field configuration threading a thin disk. Using the Bernoulli equation and critical-point analysis under Michel’s minimal-energy ansatz, we obtain flow solutions along different classes of field lines. The hybrid model shows that discontinuities in field-line angular velocity produce pronounced velocity shear and density jumps at the interface between the two jet components, together with localized enhancements that may account for observed limb brightening.
