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Validation of the DESI DR2 measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations from galaxies and quasars

U. Andrade1,2, E. Paillas3,4, J. Mena-Fernández5, Q. Li6, A. J. Ross7,8,9, S. Nadathur10, M. Rashkovetskyi11, A. Pérez-Fernández12, H. Seo13 et al. (DESI Collaboration)

H. Seo13, N. Sanders13, O. Alves2, X. Chen14, N. Deiosso15, A. de Mattia16, M. White17,18, M. Abdul Karim16, S. Ahlen19, E. Armengaud16, A. Aviles20,21, P. Bansal1,2, J. Behera22, D. Bianchi23,24, S. Brieden25, A. Brodzeller26, D. Brooks27, E. Burtin16, R. Calderon28, R. Canning10, A. Carnero Rosell29,30, L. Casas31, F. J. Castander32,33, M. Charles9, E. Chaussidon26, J. Chaves-Montero31, T. Claybaugh26, S. Cole34, A. P. Cooper35, A. Cuceu26, K. S. Dawson6, A. de la Macorra36, J. Della Costa37,38, A. Dey38, B. Dey39,40, Z. Ding41, P. Doel27, D. J. Eisenstein11, W. Elbers34, E. Fernández-García42, S. Ferraro26,18, A. Font-Ribera31, J. E. Forero-Romero43,44, C. Garcia-Quintero11, L. H. Garrison45,46, E. Gaztañaga32,10,33, H. Gil-Marín47,32,48, S. Gontcho A Gontcho26, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales49, C. Gordon31, G. Gutierrez50, J. Guy26, C. Hahn51, S. He52, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar53,16, K. Honscheid7,54,9, C. Howlett55, D. Huterer2, M. Ishak56, S. Juneau38, R. Kehoe57, D. Kirkby58, T. Kisner26, A. Kremin26, O. Lahav27, C. Lamman11, M. Landriau26, L. Le Guillou59, A. Leauthaud60,61, M. E. Levi26, C. Magneville16, M. Manera62,31, P. Martini7,8,9, W. L. Matthewson63, A. Meisner38, R. Miquel64,31, J. Moustakas65, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez36, D. Muñoz-Santos66, A. D. Myers67, L. Napolitano67, J. A. Newman40, H. E. Noriega21,36, N. Palanque-Delabrouille16,26, J. Pan2, W. J. Percival68,69,70, I. Pérez-Ràfols71, C. Poppett26,72,18, F. Prada42, A. Raichoor26, C. Ramírez-Pérez31, C. Ravoux73, G. Rossi74, R. Ruggeri75, L. Samushia76,22,77, E. Sanchez15, D. Schlegel26, M. Schubnell2, F. Sinigaglia29,30, D. Sprayberry38, T. Tan16, G. Tarlé2, P. Taylor9, W. Turner7,8,9, R. Vaisakh57, M. Vargas-Magaña36, M. Walther78,79, B. A. Weaver38, M. Wolfson9, C. Yèche16, J. Yu52, P. Zarrouk59, R. Zhou26, and H. Zou80 (DESI Collaboration)

  • 1Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
  • 2Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 3Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
  • 4Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Avenida Ejército Libertador 441, Santiago, Chile
  • 5Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, 53 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
  • 6Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Utah, 115 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
  • 7Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 8Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 9The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, USA
  • 10Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
  • 11Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
  • 12Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Gießenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
  • 13Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, 139 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
  • 14Physics Department, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
  • 15CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • 16IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
  • 17Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, 366 LeConte Hall MC 7300, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
  • 18University of California, Berkeley, 110 Sproul Hall No. 5800 Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 19Physics Department, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
  • 20Instituto Avanzado de Cosmología A. C., San Marcos 11—Atenas 202, Magdalena Contreras, Ciudad de México C. P. 10720, México
  • 21Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62210, México
  • 22Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
  • 23Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
  • 24INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
  • 25Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, United Kingdom
  • 26Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 27Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
  • 28CEICO, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 29Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • 30Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea, s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • 31Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 32Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c/ Esteve Terradas 1, Edifici RDIT, Campus PMT-UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
  • 33Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
  • 34Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
  • 35Institute of Astronomy and Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Kuang-Fu Road, Section 2, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
  • 36Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. de México C. P. 04510, México
  • 37Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA
  • 38NSF NOIRLab, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
  • 39Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
  • 40Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
  • 41University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, People’s Republic of China
  • 42Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
  • 43Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, CP 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
  • 44Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, CP 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
  • 45Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
  • 46Scientific Computing Core, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
  • 47Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • 48Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • 49Departamento de Física, DCI-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, León, Guanajuato C. P. 37150, México
  • 50Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
  • 51Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 Noth Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
  • 52Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
  • 53Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
  • 54Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 55School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
  • 56Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
  • 57Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
  • 58Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
  • 59Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), FR-75005 Paris, France
  • 60Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, UCO/Lick Observatory, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
  • 61Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95065, USA
  • 62Departament de Física, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 63Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
  • 64Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
  • 65Department of Physics and Astronomy, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, USA
  • 66Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
  • 67Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University, Department 3905, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
  • 68Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 69Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
  • 70Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 71Departament de Física, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
  • 72Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 73Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, LPCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
  • 74Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
  • 75Queensland University of Technology, School of Chemistry and Physics, George Street, Brisbane 4001, Australia
  • 76Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory, Tbilisi, GE-0179, Georgia
  • 77Faculty of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, 0194 Tbilisi, Georgia
  • 78Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstrasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
  • 79University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstraße 1, 81677 München, Germany
  • 80National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People’s Republic of China

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 083512 – Published 6 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kdys-w8vl

Abstract

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 2 (DR2) galaxy and quasar clustering data represents a significant expansion of data from Data Release 1 (DR1), providing improved statistical precision in baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) constraints across multiple tracers, including bright galaxies, luminous red galaxies, emission line galaxies, and quasars. In this paper, we validate the BAO analysis of DR2. We present the results of robustness tests on the blinded DR2 data and, after unblinding, consistency checks on the unblinded DR2 data. All results are compared with those obtained from a suite of mock catalogs that replicate the selection and clustering properties of the DR2 sample. We confirm the consistency of DR2 BAO measurements with DR1 while achieving a reduction in statistical uncertainties due to the increased survey volume and completeness. The combined BAO precision, including both statistical and systematic errors, improves from ∼0.52% in DR1 to 0.30% in DR2—a factor of 1.7 gain. We assess the impact of analysis choices, including different data vectors (correlation function vs power spectrum), modeling approaches and systematics treatments, and an assumption of the Gaussian likelihood, finding that our BAO constraints are stable across these variations and assumptions with a few minor refinements to the baseline setup of the DR1 BAO analysis. We summarize a series of pre-unblinding tests that confirmed the readiness of our analysis pipeline, the final systematic errors, and the DR2 BAO analysis baseline. The successful completion of these tests led to the unblinding of the DR2 BAO measurements, ultimately leading to the DESI DR2 cosmological analysis, with their implications for the expansion history of the Universe and the nature of dark energy presented in the DESI key paper (companion paper).

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Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Viewpoint

Rethinking Our Place in the Universe

Published 6 October, 2025

The new map of the Universe’s expansion history released by the DESI Collaboration offers hints at a breakdown of the standard model of cosmology.

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Article Text

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 083512– Published 6 October, 2025
  • Received 3 April 2025
  • Accepted 7 July 2025
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