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    Investigation of hadronic cross sections of cosmic ray carbon and oxygen on BGO from 200 GeV to 10 TeV energy at the DAMPE experiment

    F. Alemanno1,2, Q. An3,4,*, P. Azzarello5, F. C. T. Barbato6,7, P. Bernardini1,2, X. J. Bi8,9, H. Boutin5, I. Cagnoli6,7, M. S. Cai10,11 et al. (DAMPE Collaboration**)

    M. S. Cai10,11, E. Casilli1,2, E. Catanzani12, J. Chang10,11, D. Y. Chen10, J. L. Chen13, Z. F. Chen13, Z. X. Chen13, P. Coppin5, M. Y. Cui10, T. S. Cui14, Y. X. Cui10,11, I. De Mitri6,7, F. de Palma1,2, A. Di Giovanni6,7, T. K. Dong10, Z. X. Dong14, G. Donvito15, J. L. Duan13, K. K. Duan10, R. R. Fan8, Y. Z. Fan10,11, F. Fang13, K. Fang8, C. Q. Feng3,4, L. Feng10,11, J. M. Frieden5,†, P. Fusco15,16, M. Gao8, F. Gargano15, E. Ghose1,2, K. Gong8, Y. Z. Gong10, D. Y. Guo8, J. H. Guo10,11, S. X. Han14, Y. M. Hu10, G. S. Huang3,4, X. Y. Huang10,11, Y. Y. Huang10, M. Ionica12, L. Y. Jiang10, Y. Z. Jiang12, W. Jiang10, J. Kong13, A. Kotenko5, D. Kyratzis6,7, S. J. Lei10, M. B. Li5, W. H. Li10,11, W. L. Li14, X. Li10,11, X. Q. Li14, Y. M. Liang14, C. M. Liu12, H. Liu10, J. Liu13, S. B. Liu3,4, Y. Liu10, F. Loparco15,16, C. N. Luo10,11, M. Ma14, P. X. Ma10, T. Ma10, X. Y. Ma14, G. Marsella1,2,‡, M. N. Mazziotta15, D. Mo13, Y. Nie3,4, X. Y. Niu13, A. Parenti6,7,§, W. X. Peng8, X. Y. Peng10, C. Perrina5, E. Putti-Garcia5, R. Qiao8, J. N. Rao14, Y. Rong3,4, R. Sarkar6,7, P. Savina6,7, A. Serpolla5, Z. Shangguan14, W. H. Shen14, Z. Q. Shen10, Z. T. Shen3,4, L. Silveri6,7,∥, J. X. Song14, H. Su13, M. Su17, H. R. Sun3,4, Z. Y. Sun13, A. Surdo2, X. J. Teng14, A. Tykhonov5, G. F. Wang3,4, J. Z. Wang8, L. G. Wang14, S. Wang10, X. L. Wang3,4, Y. F. Wang3,4, D. M. Wei10,11, J. J. Wei10, Y. F. Wei3,4, D. Wu8, J. Wu10,11,*, S. S. Wu14, X. Wu5, Z. Q. Xia10, Z. Xiong6,7, E. H. Xu3,4, H. T. Xu14, J. Xu10, Z. H. Xu13, Z. L. Xu10, Z. Z. Xu3,4, G. F. Xue14, H. B. Yang13, P. Yang13, Y. Q. Yang13, H. J. Yao13, M. Y. Yan3,4, Y. H. Yu13, Q. Yuan10,11, C. Yue10, J. J. Zang10,¶, S. X. Zhang13, W. Z. Zhang14, Y. Zhang10, Y. Zhang10,11, Y. J. Zhang13, Y. L. Zhang3,4, Y. P. Zhang13, Y. Q. Zhang10, Z. Zhang10, Z. Y. Zhang3,4, C. Zhao3,4, H. Y. Zhao13, X. F. Zhao14, C. Y. Zhou14, and Y. Zhu14 (DAMPE Collaboration**)

    • 1Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Universitá del Salento, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
    • 2Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)-Sezione di Lecce, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
    • 3State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
    • 4Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
    • 5Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
    • 6Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Via Iacobucci 2, I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
    • 7Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)- Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, L’Aquila, Italy
    • 8Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19B, Beijing 100049, China
    • 9University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
    • 10Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
    • 11School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
    • 12Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)- Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
    • 13Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang Road 509, Lanzhou 730000, China
    • 14National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanertiao 1, Zhongguancun, Haidian district, Beijing 100190, China
    • 15Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)- Sezione di Bari, I-70125, Bari, Italy
    • 16Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Universitá e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126, Bari, Italy
    • 17Department of Physics and Laboratory for Space Research, the University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China

    • *Deceased.
    • †Now at Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
    • ‡Now at Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica “E.Segré,” Universitá degli Studi diPalermo, via delle Scienze ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy.
    • §Now at Inter-university Institute for High Energies, Universié Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
    • ∥Now at New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates.
    • Also at School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
    • **Contact author: dampe@pmo.ac.cn

    Phys. Rev. D 112, 022004 – Published 25 July, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/k2wp-c3hb

    Abstract

    The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) has made significant progress in measuring the fluxes of cosmic rays. These new measurements are pivotal in advancing our understanding of the origins and propagation mechanisms of cosmic rays. The bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) calorimeter plays a crucial role in these measurements, particularly in the precise determination of cosmic ray fluxes. However, for a calorimetric experiment like DAMPE, uncertainties in hadronic models persist as a major barrier in achieving more accurate measurements of fluxes of cosmic ray nuclei. This study centers on the measurement of the inelastic hadronic cross sections of carbon and oxygen nuclei interacting BGO crystals target over an extensive energy range, spanning from 200 GeV to 10 TeV. For carbon nuclei interacting with the BGO target. The measurements of the cross sections have achieved a total relative uncertainty of less than 10% below 8 TeV for carbon, and below 3 TeV for oxygen. For oxygen nuclei, the same level of precision was attained below 3 TeV. Additionally, we compare the experimental results with geant4 and fluka simulations to validate the accuracy and consistency of these simulation tools. Through comprehensive analysis of the inelastic hadronic interaction cross sections, this research provides validation for the hadronic interaction models used in DAMPE’s cosmic-ray flux measurements.

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