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    Constraints on the diffuse flux of multi-PeV astrophysical neutrinos obtained with the Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector

    V. A. Allakhverdyan1, A. D. Avrorin2, A. V. Avrorin2, V. M. Aynutdinov2, Z. Beňušová3,4, I. A. Belolaptikov1, E. A. Bondarev2, I. V. Borina1, N. M. Budnev5 et al. (Baikal–GVD Collaboration)

    N. M. Budnev5, V. A. Chadymov6, A. S. Chepurnov6, V. Y. Dik1,7, A. N. Dmitrieva8, G. V. Domogatsky2, A. A. Doroshenko2, R. Dvornický3,4, A. N. Dyachok9, Zh.-A. M. Dzhilkibaev2, E. Eckerová3,4, T. V. Elzhov1, V. N. Fomin9, A. R. Gafarov9, K. V. Golubkov2, T. I. Gress9, K. G. Kebkal10, V. K. Kebkal10, I. V. Kharuk2, S. S. Khokhlov8, E. V. Khramov1, M. M. Kolbin1, S. O. Koligaev11, K. V. Konischev1, A. V. Korobchenko1, A. P. Koshechkin2, V. A. Kozhin6, M. V. Kruglov1, V. F. Kulepov12, A. A. Kulikov9, Y. E. Lemeshev9, M. V. Lisitsin8, S. V. Lovtsov9, R. R. Mirgazov9, D. V. Naumov1, A. S. Nikolaev6, I. A. Perevalova9, A. A. Petrukhin8, D. P. Petukhov2, E. N. Pliskovsky1, M. I. Rozanov13, E. V. Ryabov9, G. B. Safronov2, B. A. Shaybonov1, V. Y. Shishkin14, E. V. Shirokov6, F. Šimkovic3,4, A. E. Sirenko1, A. V. Skurikhin6, A. G. Solovjev1, M. N. Sorokovikov1, I. Štekl4, A. P. Stromakov2, O. V. Suvorova2, V. A. Tabolenko9, V. I. Tretjak1, B. B. Ulzutuev1, Y. V. Yablokova1, D. N. Zaborov2, S. I. Zavjalov1, D. Y. Zvezdov1, A. V. Plavin15, D. V. Semikoz16, and S. V. Troitsky2,17,* (Baikal–GVD Collaboration)

    • 1Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141980 Russia
    • 2Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312 Russia
    • 3Comenius University, Bratislava, 81499 Slovakia
    • 4Czech Technical University, Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, CZ-11000 Prague, Czech Republic
    • 5Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, 664003 Russia
    • 6Skobeltsyn Research Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
    • 7Institute of Nuclear Physics ME RK, Almaty, 050032 Kazakhstan
    • 8National Research Nuclear University MEPHI, Moscow, Russia, 115409
    • 9Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, 664003 Russia
    • 10LATENA, St. Petersburg, 199106 Russia
    • 11INFRAD, Dubna, 141981 Russia
    • 12Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Russia
    • 13St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University, St. Petersburg, 190008 Russia
    • 14Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics MSU, Moscow, Russia, 119991
    • 15Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
    • 16APC, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 119 75205 Paris, France
    • 17Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia

    • *Contact author: st@inr.ac.ru

    Phys. Rev. D 112, 083025 – Published 14 October, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/jlz3-26lw

    Abstract

    Various theoretical models predict cosmic neutrinos with multi-PeV energies. The recent detection of a ∼1017  eV neutrino in the KM3NeT experiment suggests that these energetic particles can be studied with present-day installations. Here, we present upper limits on the flux of astrophysical neutrinos with energies (1015.5–1020)  eV obtained with the largest liquid-water neutrino telescope, the Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector (GVD), operation using cascadelike events. We discuss astrophysical implications of these results and constrain several cosmogenic neutrino scenarios using a combination of Baikal-GVD, KM3NeT, IceCube, and Auger data.

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