- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

ALP and Z′ boson at the Electron-Ion Collider

Amit Adhikary1,*, Dilip Kumar Ghosh1,†, Sk Jeesun2,3,‡, and Sourov Roy1,§

  • *Contact author: amit93.adhikary@gmail.com
  • †Contact author: tpdkg@iacs.res.in
  • ‡Contact author: skjeesun48@gmail.com
  • §Contact author: tpsr@iacs.res.in
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 114, 015002 – Published 1 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/jkry-pcpk

Abstract

We study the sensitivity of the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider to purely electrophilic new physics in the GeV mass range. Within an effective field theory framework, we consider two different scenarios: an axionlike particle (ALP) and a new heavy neutral vector gauge boson Z′; each couples to electrons only. We analyze electron-proton collisions at s=141  GeV with an integrated luminosity of 100  fb−1, focusing primarily on the trielectron final state. Additionally, loop-induced ALP-photon couplings driven by photon final states are also explored. Incorporating realistic detector effects and systematic uncertainties, we obtain projected exclusion limits on the relevant cross sections and couplings. We find that the results from the Electron-Ion Collider can significantly extend the sensitivity to electrophilic axionlike particles and Z′ bosons in regions of parameter space that remain weakly constrained by existing experiments.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (129)

  1. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Observation of a new particle in the search for the standard model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, Phys. Lett. B 716, 1 (2012).
  2. S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC, Phys. Lett. B 716, 30 (2012).
  3. F. Zwicky, Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln, Helv. Phys. Acta 6, 110 (1933).
  4. V. C. Rubin and W. K. Ford, Jr., Rotation of the andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions, Astrophys. J. 159, 379 (1970).
  5. D. Clowe, M. Bradac, A. H. Gonzalez, M. Markevitch, S. W. Randall, C. Jones, and D. Zaritsky, A direct empirical proof of the existence of dark matter, Astrophys. J. Lett. 648, L109 (2006).
  6. N. Aghanim et al. (Planck Collaboration), Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020).
  7. F. P. An et al. (Daya Bay Collaboration), Observation of electron-antineutrino disappearance at Daya Bay, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 171803 (2012).
  8. J. K. Ahn et al. (RENO Collaboration), Observation of reactor electron antineutrino disappearance in the RENO experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 191802 (2012).
  9. P. Adamson et al. (MINOS Collaboration), Electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance in the full MINOS data sample, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 171801 (2013).
  10. S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Review of particle physics, Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
  11. A. D. Sakharov, Violation of CP invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe, Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 5, 32 (1967).
  12. R. D. Peccei and H. R. Quinn, CP conservation in the presence of instantons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 1440 (1977).
  13. P. Harris, V. V. Khoze, M. Spannowsky, and C. Williams, Constraining dark sectors at colliders: Beyond the effective theory approach, Phys. Rev. D 91, 055009 (2015).
  14. S. Alekhin et al., A facility to search for hidden particles at the CERN SPS: The SHiP physics case, Rep. Prog. Phys. 79, 124201 (2016).
  15. R. Essig, J. Mardon, M. Papucci, T. Volansky, and Y.-M. Zhong, Constraining light dark matter with low-energy e+e− colliders, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2013) 167.
  16. A. G. Adame et al. (DESI Collaboration), DESI 2024 VI: Cosmological constraints from the measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2025) 021.
  17. G. G. Raffelt, Stars as Laboratories for Fundamental Physics: The Astrophysics Of Neutrinos, Axions, and Other Weakly Interacting Particles (1996), https://wwwth.mpp.mpg.de/members/raffelt/mypapers/Stars.pdf.
  18. A. Accardi et al., Electron ion collider: The next QCD frontier: Understanding the glue that binds us all, Eur. Phys. J. A 52, 268 (2016).
  19. R. Abdul Khalek et al., Science requirements and detector concepts for the electron-ion collider: EIC yellow report, Nucl. Phys. A1026, 122447 (2022).
  20. R. Balkin, O. Hen, W. Li, H. Liu, T. Ma, Y. Soreq, and M. Williams, Probing axion-like particles at the electron-ion collider, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2024) 123.
  21. B. Batell, T. Ghosh, T. Han, and K. Xie, Heavy neutral leptons at the electron-ion collider, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2023) 020.
  22. X.-H. Jiang, Y. Liu, and B. Yan, Probing top-quark electroweak couplings indirectly at the electron-ion collider, Phys. Rev. D 112, L111303 (2025).
  23. Y. Deng, X.-H. Jiang, T. Liu, and B. Yan, Testing lepton flavor universality at the electron-ion collider, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2025) 157.
  24. H. Davoudiasl and H. Liu, Electron-ion collider as a discovery tool for invisible dark bosons, Phys. Rev. D 112, 075001 (2025).
  25. L. Bellafronte, S. Dawson, P. P. Giardino, and H. Liu, Probing top-quark–electron interactions at future colliders, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 251801 (2025).
  26. R. Balkin, T. Coren, A. Jentsch, H. Liu, M. Ovchynnikov, Y. Soreq et al., Braking protons at the EIC: From invisible meson decay to new physics searches, arXiv:2601.00068.
  27. X.-K. Wen, B. Yan, Z. Yu, and C. P. Yuan, Dihadron azimuthal asymmetry and light-quark dipole moments at the electron-ion collider, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 69, 271011 (2026).
  28. H.-L. Wang, X.-K. Wen, H. Xing, and B. Yan, Probing the four-fermion operators via the transverse double spin asymmetry at the electron-ion collider, Phys. Rev. D 109, 095025 (2024).
  29. H. Davoudiasl, R. Marcarelli, and E. T. Neil, Flavor-violating ALPs, electron g-2, and the electron-ion collider, Phys. Rev. D 109, 115013 (2024).
  30. H. Davoudiasl, R. Marcarelli, and E. T. Neil, Displaced signals of hidden vectors at the electron-ion collider, Phys. Rev. D 108, 075017 (2023).
  31. B. Yan, Probing the dark photon via polarized DIS scattering at the HERA and EIC, Phys. Lett. B 833, 137384 (2022).
  32. H. T. Li, B. Yan, and C. P. Yuan, Jet charge: A new tool to probe the anomalous Zbb¯ couplings at the EIC, Phys. Lett. B 833, 137300 (2022).
  33. B. Yan, Z. Yu, and C. P. Yuan, The anomalous Zbb¯ couplings at the HERA and EIC, Phys. Lett. B 822, 136697 (2021).
  34. V. Cirigliano, K. Fuyuto, C. Lee, E. Mereghetti, and B. Yan, Charged lepton flavor violation at the EIC, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2021) 256.
  35. H. Davoudiasl, R. Marcarelli, and E. T. Neil, Lepton-flavor-violating ALPs at the electron-ion collider: A golden opportunity, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2023) 071.
  36. Y. Liu and B. Yan, Searching for the axion-like particle at the EIC, Chin. Phys. C 47, 043113 (2023).
  37. S. Weinberg, A new light boson?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 223 (1978).
  38. F. Wilczek, Problem of strong P and T invariance in the presence of instantons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 279 (1978).
  39. J. E. Kim and G. Carosi, Axions and the strong CP problem, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 557 (2010).
  40. J. E. Kim, Weak interaction singlet and strong CP invariance, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 103 (1979).
  41. M. A. Shifman, A. I. Vainshtein, and V. I. Zakharov, Can confinement ensure natural CP invariance of strong interactions?, Nucl. Phys. B166, 493 (1980).
  42. A. R. Zhitnitsky, On Possible Suppression of the Axion Hadron Interactions. (In Russian), Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 31, 260 (1980).
  43. M. Dine, W. Fischler, and M. Srednicki, A simple solution to the strong CP problem with a harmless axion, Phys. Lett. 104B, 199 (1981).
  44. A. Biekötter and K. Mimasu, Axions and axion-like particles: Collider searches, arXiv:2508.19358.
  45. L. Di Luzio, M. Giannotti, E. Nardi, and L. Visinelli, The landscape of QCD axion models, Phys. Rep. 870, 1 (2020).
  46. A. Bharucha, F. Brümmer, N. Desai, and S. Mutzel, Axion-like particles as mediators for dark matter: Beyond freeze-out, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2023) 141.
  47. M. Dine and W. Fischler, The not so harmless axion, Phys. Lett. 120B, 137 (1983).
  48. J. Preskill, M. B. Wise, and F. Wilczek, Cosmology of the invisible axion, Phys. Lett. 120B, 127 (1983).
  49. L. F. Abbott and P. Sikivie, A cosmological bound on the invisible axion, Phys. Lett. 120B, 133 (1983).
  50. R. T. Co, L. J. Hall, and K. Harigaya, Axion kinetic misalignment mechanism, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 251802 (2020).
  51. P. Arias, D. Cadamuro, M. Goodsell, J. Jaeckel, J. Redondo, and A. Ringwald, WISPy cold dark matter, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2012) 013.
  52. J. Jaeckel, J. Redondo, and A. Ringwald, 3.55 keV hint for decaying axionlike particle dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 89, 103511 (2014).
  53. D. K. Ghosh, A. Ghoshal, and S. Jeesun, Axion-like particle (ALP) portal freeze-in dark matter confronting ALP search experiments, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2024) 026.
  54. D. J. E. Marsh, Axion cosmology, Phys. Rep. 643, 1 (2016).
  55. L. Caloni, M. Gerbino, M. Lattanzi, and L. Visinelli, Novel cosmological bounds on thermally-produced axion-like particles, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2022) 021.
  56. D. Cadamuro, S. Hannestad, G. Raffelt, and J. Redondo, Cosmological bounds on sub-MeV mass axions, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2011) 003.
  57. M. S. Turner, Axions from SN 1987a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1797 (1988).
  58. A. Caputo and G. Raffelt, Astrophysical axion bounds: The 2024 edition, Proc. Sci. COSMICWISPers (2024) 041 [arXiv:2401.13728].
  59. D. F. G. Fiorillo, Á. Gil Muyor, H.-T. Janka, G. G. Raffelt, and E. Vitagliano, Axion-photon conversion in transient compact stars: Systematics, constraints, and opportunities, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2026) 053.
  60. F. R. Candón, D. F. G. Fiorillo, Á. Gil Muyor, H.-T. Janka, G. G. Raffelt, and E. Vitagliano, Stripped-envelope supernovae for QCD axion detection, Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 17 (2026).
  61. M. Bauer, M. Neubert, and A. Thamm, Collider probes of axion-like particles, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2017) 044.
  62. G. Abbiendi et al. (OPAL Collaboration), Multiphoton production in e+e− collisions at s=181 to 209 GeV, Eur. Phys. J. C 26, 331 (2003).
  63. J. Jaeckel and M. Spannowsky, Probing MeV to 90 GeV axion-like particles with LEP and LHC, Phys. Lett. B 753, 482 (2016).
  64. C.-X. Yue, H.-Y. Zhang, and H. Wang, Production of axion-like particles via vector boson fusion at future electron-positron colliders, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 88 (2022).
  65. M. Tian, Z. S. Wang, and K. Wang, Search for long-lived axions with far detectors at future lepton colliders, arXiv:2201.08960.
  66. M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Search for an axion-like particle in radiative J/ψ decays, Phys. Lett. B 838, 137698 (2023).
  67. A. Adhikary, A. Bharucha, L. Feligioni, and M. Frigerio, Prospects for sub-EW-scale ALP searches via γ+bb¯ signatures at the LHC using jet substructure techniques, Phys. Rev. D 112, 055042 (2025).
  68. S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Search for exclusive or semi-exclusive photon pair production and observation of exclusive and semi-exclusive electron pair production in pp collisions at s=7  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2012) 080.
  69. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Search for scalar diphoton resonances in the mass range 65–600 GeV with the ATLAS detector in pp collision data at s=8  TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 171801 (2014).
  70. K. Mimasu and V. Sanz, ALPs at colliders, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2015) 173.
  71. I. Brivio, M. B. Gavela, L. Merlo, K. Mimasu, J. M. No, R. del Rey, and V. Sanz, ALPs effective field theory and collider signatures, Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 572 (2017).
  72. J. Ebadi, S. Khatibi, and M. Mohammadi Najafabadi, New probes for axionlike particles at hadron colliders, Phys. Rev. D 100, 015016 (2019).
  73. J. Bonilla, I. Brivio, J. Machado-Rodríguez, and J. F. de Trocóniz, Nonresonant searches for axion-like particles in vector boson scattering processes at the LHC, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2022) 113.
  74. A. Mitridate, M. Papucci, C. Wang, C. Peña, and S. Xie, Energetic long-lived particles in the CMS muon chambers, Phys. Rev. D 108, 055040 (2023).
  75. B. Dutta, D. Kim, and H. Kim, Proposal to use LHC general-purpose detectors in “beam-dump” measurements for long-lived particles, Phys. Lett. B 861, 139246 (2025).
  76. Y. Bao, J. Fan, and L. Li, Electroweak ALP searches at a muon collider, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2022) 276.
  77. F. Bergsma et al. (CHARM Collaboration), Search for axion like particle production in 400-GeV proton—copper interactions, Phys. Lett. 157B, 458 (1985).
  78. J. D. Bjorken, S. Ecklund, W. R. Nelson, A. Abashian, C. Church, B. Lu et al., Search for neutral metastable penetrating particles produced in the SLAC beam dump, Phys. Rev. D 38, 3375 (1988).
  79. J. Blumlein et al., Limits on neutral light scalar and pseudoscalar particles in a proton beam dump experiment, Z. Phys. C 51, 341 (1991).
  80. B. Döbrich, Axion-like particles from primakov production in beam-dumps, CERN Proc. 1, 253 (2018).
  81. D. Banerjee et al. (NA64 Collaboration), Search for axionlike and scalar particles with the NA64 experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 081801 (2020).
  82. Y. Afik, B. Döbrich, J. Jerhot, Y. Soreq, and K. Tobioka, Probing long-lived axions at the KOTO experiment, Phys. Rev. D 108, 055007 (2023).
  83. Y. Ema, Z. Liu, and R. Plestid, Searching for axions with kaon decay at rest, Phys. Rev. D 109, L031702 (2024).
  84. J. P. Lees et al. (BABAR Collaboration), Search for a dark photon in e+e− collisions at BABAR, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 201801 (2014).
  85. G. Inguglia, Belle II studies of missing energy decays and searches for dark photon production, Proc. Sci. DIS2016 (2016) 263 [arXiv:1607.02089].
  86. N. Okada and S. Okada, Z′-portal right-handed neutrino dark matter in the minimal U(1)X extended standard model, Phys. Rev. D 95, 035025 (2017).
  87. R. N. Mohapatra and N. Okada, Freeze-in dark matter from a minimal B−L model and possible grand unification, Phys. Rev. D 101, 115022 (2020).
  88. H. Okada, Y. Orikasa, and Y. Shoji, Radiative dark matter and neutrino masses from an alternative U(1) B−L gauge symmetry, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2021) 006.
  89. E. Ma and R. Srivastava, Dirac or inverse seesaw neutrino masses from gauged B−−L symmetry, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 30, 1530020 (2015).
  90. X. Qi and H. Sun, Dark matter, leptogenesis and Z′ in the B−L model, Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 1224 (2025).
  91. C. Bonilla, T. Modak, R. Srivastava, and J. W. F. Valle, U(1)B3−3Lμ gauge symmetry as a simple description of b→s anomalies, Phys. Rev. D 98, 095002 (2018).
  92. M. Bauer, P. Foldenauer, and J. Jaeckel, Hunting all the hidden photons, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2018) 094.
  93. P. Coloma, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, and M. Maltoni, Neutrino oscillation constraints on U(1)’ models: From non-standard interactions to long-range forces, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2021) 114.
  94. P. Coloma, P. Coloma, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, M. Maltoni, J. Paulo Pinheiro, and S. Urrea, Constraining new physics with Borexino Phase-II spectral data, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2022) 138.
  95. M. Atzori Corona, M. Cadeddu, N. Cargioli, F. Dordei, C. Giunti, Y. F. Li, E. Picciau, C. A. Ternes, and Y. Y. Zhang, Probing light mediators and (g−2)μ through detection of coherent elastic neutrino nucleus scattering at COHERENT, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2022) 109.
  96. A. Majumdar, D. K. Papoulias, and R. Srivastava, Dark matter detectors as a novel probe for light new physics, Phys. Rev. D 106, 013001 (2022).
  97. K. Chakraborty, A. Das, S. Goswami, and S. Roy, Constraining general U(1) interactions from neutrino-electron scattering measurements at DUNE near detector, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2022) 008.
  98. M. Demirci and M. F. Mustamin, Solar neutrino constraints on light mediators through coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, Phys. Rev. D 109, 015021 (2024).
  99. V. Khachatryan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Search for narrow resonances in dilepton mass spectra in proton-proton collisions at s=13  TeV and combination with 8 TeV data, Phys. Lett. B 768, 57 (2017).
  100. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Search for high-mass dilepton resonances using 139  fb−1 of pp collision data collected at s=13  TeV with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Lett. B 796, 68 (2019).
  101. A. Das, S. Oda, N. Okada, and D.-s. Takahashi, Classically conformal U(1)’ extended standard model, electroweak vacuum stability, and LHC Run-2 bounds, Phys. Rev. D 93, 115038 (2016).
  102. E. Accomando, L. Delle Rose, S. Moretti, E. Olaiya, and C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, Extra Higgs boson and Z′ as portals to signatures of heavy neutrinos at the LHC, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2018) 109.
  103. R. Essig, P. Schuster, and N. Toro, Probing dark forces and light hidden sectors at low-energy e+e− colliders, Phys. Rev. D 80, 015003 (2009).
  104. R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), Search for dark photons produced in 13 TeV pp collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 061801 (2018).
  105. A. Bross, M. Crisler, S. H. Pordes, J. Volk, S. Errede, and J. Wrbanek, A search for shortlived particles produced in an electron beam dump, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2942 (1991).
  106. D. Akimov et al. (COHERENT Collaboration), Measurement of the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering cross section on CsI by COHERENT, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 081801 (2022).
  107. M. Escudero, D. Hooper, G. Krnjaic, and M. Pierre, Cosmology with a very light Lμ− Lτ gauge boson, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2019) 071.
  108. D. K. Ghosh, P. Ghosh, S. Jeesun, and R. Srivastava, Neff at CMB challenges U(1)X light gauge boson scenarios, Phys. Rev. D 110, 075032 (2024).
  109. E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, Supernova SN 1987a and the secret interactions of neutrinos, Phys. Rev. D 36, 2895 (1987).
  110. D. Croon, G. Elor, R. K. Leane, and S. D. McDermott, Supernova muons: New constraints on Z’ bosons, axions and ALPs, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2021) 107.
  111. K. Akita, S. H. Im, M. Masud, and S. Yun, Limits on heavy neutral leptons, Z′ bosons and majorons from high-energy supernova neutrinos, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2024) 057.
  112. S.-P. Li and X.-J. Xu, Production rates of dark photons and Z’ in the Sun and stellar cooling bounds, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2023) 009.
  113. A. Eberhart, M. Fedele, F. Kahlhoefer, E. Ravensburg, and R. Ziegler, Leptophilic ALPs in laboratory experiments, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2025) 055.
  114. A. Alloul, N. D. Christensen, C. Degrande, C. Duhr, and B. Fuks, feynrules 2.0—A complete toolbox for tree-level phenomenology, Comput. Phys. Commun. 185, 2250 (2014).
  115. J. Alwall, R. Frederix, S. Frixione, V. Hirschi, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, H.-S. Shao, T. Stelzer, P. Torrielli, and M. Zaro, The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2014) 079.
  116. R. D. Ball et al. (NNPDF Collaboration), Parton distributions for the LHC Run II, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2015) 040.
  117. J. K. Adkins et al., Design of the ECCE detector for the electron ion collider, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 1073, 170240 (2025).
  118. G. Cowan, K. Cranmer, E. Gross, and O. Vitells, Asymptotic formulae for likelihood-based tests of new physics, Eur. Phys. J. C 71, 1554 (2011).
  119. G. Cowan, Discovery Sensitivity for a Counting Experiment with Background Uncertainty (Royal Holloway University of London, 2012), https://www.pp.rhul.ac.uk/~cowan/stat/medsig/medsigNote.pdf.
  120. M. Pitt, Physics Perspectives with the ePIC Far-Forward and Far-Backward detectors, Proc. Sci. DIS2024 (2025) 259 [arXiv:2409.02811].
  121. M. J. Oreglia, A study of the reactions ψ′→γγψ, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, 1980.
  122. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration) Search for scalar diphoton resonances in the mass range 65–600 GeV with the ATLAS detector in pp collision data at s=8  TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 171801 (2014).
  123. C. Cornella, P. Paradisi, and O. Sumensari, Hunting for ALPs with lepton flavor violation, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2020) 158.
  124. J. Abdallah et al. (DELPHI Collaboration), Photon events with missing energy in e+e− collisions at s=130 to  209 GeV, Eur. Phys. J. C 38, 395 (2005).
  125. J. Abdallah et al. (DELPHI Collaboration), Search for one large extra dimension with the DELPHI detector at LEP, Eur. Phys. J. C 60, 17 (2009).
  126. P. J. Fox, R. Harnik, J. Kopp, and Y. Tsai, Lep shines light on dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 84, 014028 (2011).
  127. R. Abbasi et al. (IceCube Collaboration), Non-standard neutrino interactions in IceCube, Proc. Sci. EPS-HEP2021 (2022) 245.
  128. R. Gonzalez Suarez, B. Pattnaik, and J. Zurita, Leptophilic Z′ bosons at the FCC-ee: Discovery opportunities, Phys. Rev. D 111, 035029 (2025).
  129. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Search for a new Z′ gauge boson in 4μ events with the ATLAS experiment, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2023) 090.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 114, 015002– Published 1 July, 2026
  • Received 21 January 2026
  • Accepted 9 June 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation