Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Reconstructing the invisible fraction of semivisible jets in ISR-boosted events via neural network regression

Yin Li, Jian Bin Wang, Jia Qi Xie, Kai Rong Xu, Rui Han Ye, and Zi Huan Huang

Bingxuan Liu*

  • *Contact author: liubx28@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Phys. Rev. D 114, 056017 – Published 17 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/hbxx-5f3k

Abstract

Semivisible jets (SVJs) provide a characteristic collider signature of strongly interacting dark sectors, in which the key model parameter rinv controls the fraction of dark hadrons decaying to dark matter candidates. In this work, a regression model is developed to reconstruct rinv in SVJ events produced in association with an energetic photon. The model uses information from high-level physics objects only, and the training procedure is optimized to ensure applicability. The performance is found to be robust against varying signal parameters and rinv can be reconstructed at a much higher precision, compared to previously developed analytical method. It offers a new approach to conduct SVJ searches that can potentially unify both s-channel and t-channel productions, enhancing the sensitivities.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (47)

  1. V. C. Rubin, N. Thonnard, and W. K. Ford, Jr., Rotational properties of 21 SC galaxies with a large range of luminosities and radii, from NGC 4605/R=4  kpc/to UGC 2885/R=122  kpc/, Astrophys. J. 238, 471 (1980).
  2. M. Persic, P. Salucci, and F. Stel, The universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies: 1. The dark matter connection, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 281, 27 (1996).
  3. D. Clowe, M. Bradac, A. H. Gonzalez, M. Markevitch, S. W. Randall, C. Jones, and D. Zaritsky, A direct empirical proof of the existence of dark matter, Astrophys. J. Lett. 648, L109 (2006).
  4. DES Collaboration, Dark energy survey year 1 results: Curved-sky weak lensing mass map, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 475, 3165 (2018).
  5. Planck Collaboration, Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020).
  6. G. Jungman, M. Kamionkowski, and K. Griest, Supersymmetric dark matter, Phys. Rep. 267, 195 (1996).
  7. ATLAS Collaboration, Search for new phenomena in events with an energetic jet and missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at s=13  TeV with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. D 103, 112006 (2021).
  8. CMS Collaboration, Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at s=13  TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2021) 153.
  9. ATLAS Collaboration, Exploration at the high-energy frontier: ATLAS run 2 searches investigating the exotic jungle beyond the standard model, Phys. Rep. 1116, 301 (2025).
  10. CMS Collaboration, Dark sector searches with the CMS experiment, Phys. Rep. 1115, 448 (2025).
  11. M. J. Strassler and K. M. Zurek, Echoes of a hidden valley at hadron colliders, Phys. Lett. B 651, 374 (2007).
  12. T. Han, Z. Si, K. M. Zurek, and M. J. Strassler, Phenomenology of hidden valleys at hadron colliders, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2008) 008.
  13. T. Cohen, M. Lisanti, and H. K. Lou, Semivisible jets: Dark matter undercover at the LHC, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 171804 (2015).
  14. T. Cohen, M. Lisanti, H. K. Lou, and S. Mishra-Sharma, LHC searches for dark sector showers, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2017) 196.
  15. H. Beauchesne, E. Bertuzzo, and G. Grilli Di Cortona, Dark matter in hidden valley models with stable and unstable light dark mesons, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2019) 118.
  16. H. Beauchesne, E. Bertuzzo, G. Grilli Di Cortona, and Z. Tabrizi, Collider phenomenology of hidden valley mediators of spin 0 or 1/2 with semivisible jets, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2018) 030.
  17. G. Albouy et al., Theory, phenomenology, and experimental avenues for dark showers: A snowmass 2021 report, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 1132 (2022).
  18. CMS Collaboration, Search for resonant production of strongly coupled dark matter in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2022) 156.
  19. ATLAS Collaboration, Search for new physics in final states with semivisible jets or anomalous signatures using the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. D 112, 012021 (2025).
  20. ATLAS Collaboration, Search for non-resonant production of semivisible jets using run 2 data in ATLAS, Phys. Lett. B 848, 138324 (2024).
  21. D. Kar and S. Sinha, Exploring jet substructure in semi-visible jets, SciPost Phys. 10, 084 (2021).
  22. M. Park and M. Zhang, Tagging a jet from a dark sector with Jet-substructures at colliders, Phys. Rev. D 100, 115009 (2019).
  23. T. Cohen, J. Doss, and M. Freytsis, Jet substructure from dark sector showers, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2020) 118.
  24. T. Cohen, J. Roloff, and C. Scherb, Dark sector showers in the Lund jet plane, Phys. Rev. D 108, L031501 (2023).
  25. T. Faucett, S.-C. Hsu, and D. Whiteson, Learning to identify semi-visible jets, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2022) 132.
  26. L. Favaro, M. Krämer, T. Modak, T. Plehn, and J. Rüschkamp, Semi-visible jets, energy-based models, and self-supervision, SciPost Phys. 18, 042 (2025).
  27. E. Bernreuther, T. Finke, F. Kahlhoefer, M. Krämer, and A. Mück, Casting a graph net to catch dark showers, SciPost Phys. 10, 046 (2021).
  28. F. Canelli, A. de Cosa, L. L. Pottier, J. Niedziela, K. Pedro, and M. Pierini, Autoencoders for semivisible jet detection, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2022) 074.
  29. A. Bhardwaj, C. Englert, W. Naskar, V. S. Ngairangbam, and M. Spannowsky, Equivariant, safe and sensitive—graph networks for new physics, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2024) 245.
  30. K. Pedro and P. Shyamsundar, Optimal mass variables for semivisible jets, SciPost Phys. Core 6, 067 (2023).
  31. ATLAS Collaboration, Search for low-mass resonances decaying into two jets and produced in association with a photon or a jet at s=13  TeV with the ATLAS detector, Phys. Rev. D 110, 032002 (2024).
  32. B. Liu and K. Pedro, Semi-visible jets+X: Illuminating dark showers with radiation, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2024) 105.
  33. J. Alwall, R. Frederix, S. Frixione, V. Hirschi, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, H.-S. Shao, T. Stelzer, P. Torrielli, and M. Zaro, The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2014) 079.
  34. T. Sjöstrand, S. Ask, J. R. Christiansen, R. Corke, N. Desai, P. Ilten, S. Mrenna, S. Prestel, C. O. Rasmussen, and Peter Z. Skands, An introduction to pythia 8.2, Comput. Phys. Commun. 191, 159 (2015).
  35. DELPHES 3 Collaboration, delphes 3, A modular framework for fast simulation of a generic collider experiment, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2014) 057.
  36. M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez, The anti-kt jet clustering algorithm, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2008) 063.
  37. M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez, FastJet user manual, Eur. Phys. J. C 72, 1896 (2012).
  38. W. S. Cho, K. Choi, Y. G. Kim, and C. B. Park, M(T2)-assisted on-shell reconstruction of missing momenta and its application to spin measurement at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 79, 031701 (2009).
  39. K. Choi, J. S. Lee, and C. B. Park, Measuring the Higgs boson mass with transverse mass variables, Phys. Rev. D 82, 113017 (2010).
  40. A. Buckley, J. Butterworth, L. Corpe, C. Doglioni, D. Kar, C. Prat et al., Probing the sensitivity of semi-visible jets to current LHC measurements using the CONTUR toolkit, arXiv:2502.11237.
  41. C. Cazzaniga and A. de Cosa, Leptons lurking in semi-visible jets at the LHC, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 793 (2022).
  42. CMS Collaboration, Search for s-channel production of lepton-enriched semivisible jets in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV, CERN Report No. CMS-PAS-EXO-24-029, 2025.
  43. CMS Collaboration, Search for s-channel production of tau-enriched semivisible jets in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV, CERN Report No. CMS-PAS-EXO-26-005, 2025.
  44. D. Kar, W. Nzuza, and S. Sinha, 2B or not 2B, a study of bottom-quark-philic semi-visible jets, SciPost Phys. Core 7, 071 (2024).
  45. J. Carrasco, S. Kulkarni, W. Liu, J. Lockyer, and J. Zurita, Semi-visible emerging jets, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2026) 219.
  46. T. Akiba, S. Sano, T. Yanase, T. Ohta, and M. Koyama, Optuna: A next-generation hyperparameter optimization framework, in Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, 2019), pp. 2623–2631, 10.1145/3292500.3330701.
  47. https://github.com/YinLi28/svj_rinv_inference_demo.

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation