- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Minimal dark SU(2) origin of a massless Dirac neutrino

P. S. Bhupal Dev1,2, Julia Gehrlein3, Amartya Sengupta4,5, and Amarjit Soni6

PDF

Phys. Rev. D 114, L031702 – Published 14 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/h3y7-qzyr

Abstract

We propose a gauge-symmetry origin of a rank-two Dirac neutrino mass matrix that enforces one exactly massless neutrino, while being consistent with the oscillation data, as well as cosmological constraints. The mechanism relies on a minimal dark SU(2)D gauge symmetry under which one right-handed neutrinolike Weyl fermion is charged, thereby forbidding its Standard Model Yukawa coupling. Quantum consistency then fixes the minimal dark-sector completion: Cancellation of the Witten anomaly requires a second fermionic SU(2)D doublet, while a discrete Z4 symmetry that forbids Majorana masses allows the two dark doublets to form a vectorlike pair. This anomaly-free completion gives rise to a secluded, confining dark sector that can contain a potential dark matter candidate, linking the protected neutrino texture to dark infrared dynamics.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (152)

  1. Y. Fukuda et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collaboration), Evidence for oscillation of atmospheric neutrinos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1562 (1998).
  2. Q. R. Ahmad et al. (SNO Collaboration), Direct evidence for neutrino flavor transformation from neutral current interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 011301 (2002).
  3. P. B. Denton, Neutrino oscillations in the three flavor paradigm, arXiv:2501.08374.
  4. A. Abusleme et al. (JUNO Collaboration), Sub-percent precision measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters with JUNO, Chin. Phys. C 46, 123001 (2022).
  5. R. Abbasi et al. (IceCube Collaboration), Measurement of atmospheric neutrino mixing with improved IceCube DeepCore calibration and data processing, Phys. Rev. D 108, 012014 (2023).
  6. K. Abe et al. (Hyper-Kamiokande Collaboration), Hyper-Kamiokande design report, arXiv:1805.04163.
  7. B. Abi et al. (DUNE Collaboration), Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), far detector technical design report, Volume II: DUNE Physics, 2020.
  8. H. Nunokawa, S. J. Parke, and R. Zukanovich Funchal, Another possible way to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy, Phys. Rev. D 72, 013009 (2005).
  9. S. Fukasawa, M. Ghosh, and O. Yasuda, Complementarity between hyperkamiokande and DUNE in determining neutrino oscillation parameters, Nucl. Phys. B918, 337 (2017).
  10. S. K. Agarwalla, S. Das, A. Giarnetti, D. Meloni, and M. Singh, Enhancing sensitivity to leptonic CP violation using complementarity among DUNE, T2HK, and T2HKK, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 694 (2023).
  11. P. B. Denton, M. Friend, M. D. Messier, H. A. Tanaka, S. Böser, J. A. B. Coelho, M. Perrin-Terrin, and T. Stuttard, Snowmass neutrino frontier: NF01 topical group report on three-flavor neutrino oscillations, arXiv:2212.00809.
  12. S. J. Parke and R. Zukanovich-Funchal, Mass ordering sum rule for the neutrino disappearance channels in T2K, NOvA, and JUNO, Phys. Rev. D 111, 013008 (2025).
  13. E. Di Valentino, S. Gariazzo, and O. Mena, Neutrinos in cosmology, arXiv:2404.19322.
  14. J. A. Formaggio, A. L. C. de Gouvêa, and R. G. H. Robertson, Direct measurements of neutrino mass, Phys. Rep. 914, 1 (2021).
  15. M. Aker et al. (KATRIN Collaboration), Direct neutrino-mass measurement based on 259 days of KATRIN data, Science 388, adq9592 (2025).
  16. G. T. Zatsepin, On the possibility of determining the upper limit of the neutrino mass by means of the flight time, Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 8, 333 (1968).
  17. T. J. Loredo and D. Q. Lamb, Bayesian analysis of neutrinos observed from supernova SN-1987A, Phys. Rev. D 65, 063002 (2002).
  18. E. Nardi and J. I. Zuluaga, Exploring the sub-eV neutrino mass range with supernova neutrinos, Phys. Rev. D 69, 103002 (2004).
  19. G. Pagliaroli, F. Rossi-Torres, and F. Vissani, Neutrino mass bound in the standard scenario for supernova electronic antineutrino emission, Astropart. Phys. 33, 287 (2010).
  20. J.-S. Lu, J. Cao, Y.-F. Li, and S. Zhou, Constraining absolute neutrino masses via detection of galactic supernova neutrinos at JUNO, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2015) 044.
  21. R. S. L. Hansen, M. Lindner, and O. Scholer, Timing the neutrino signal of a Galactic supernova, Phys. Rev. D 101, 123018 (2020).
  22. F. Pompa, F. Capozzi, O. Mena, and M. Sorel, Absolute ν mass measurement with the DUNE experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121802 (2022).
  23. V. Brdar and X.-J. Xu, Timing and multi-channel: Novel method for determining the neutrino mass ordering from supernovae, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08 (2022) 067.
  24. T. Pitik, D. J. Heimsoth, A. M. Suliga, and A. B. Balantekin, Exploiting stellar explosion induced by the QCD phase transition in large-scale neutrino detectors, Phys. Rev. D 106, 103007 (2022).
  25. G. A. Parker and M. Wurm, Constraining the absolute neutrino mass with black hole-forming supernovae and scintillation detectors, Phys. Rev. D 109, 083041 (2024).
  26. P. B. Denton and Y. Kini, Individual neutrino masses from a supernova, Phys. Rev. D 111, 103006 (2025).
  27. M. G. Betti et al. (PTOLEMY Collaboration), Neutrino physics with the PTOLEMY project: Active neutrino properties and the light sterile case, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2019) 047.
  28. J. Alvey, M. Escudero, N. Sabti, and T. Schwetz, Cosmic neutrino background detection in large-neutrino-mass cosmologies, Phys. Rev. D 105, 063501 (2022).
  29. M. Abdul Karim et al. (DESI Collaboration), DESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraints, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083515 (2025).
  30. N. Aghanim et al. Planck Collaboration, Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020); 652, C4(E) (2021).
  31. S. Alam et al. (eBOSS Collaboration), Completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Cosmological implications from two decades of spectroscopic surveys at the Apache Point Observatory, Phys. Rev. D 103, 083533 (2021).
  32. E. Calabrese et al. (Atacama Cosmology Telescope Collaboration), The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 constraints on extended cosmological models, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2025) 063.
  33. E. Camphuis et al. (SPT-3G Collaboration), SPT-3G D1: CMB temperature and polarization power spectra and cosmology from 2019 and 2020 observations of the SPT-3G main field, Phys. Rev. D 113, 083504 (2026).
  34. F. J. Qu et al. (ACT Collaboration and SPT-3G Collaboration), Unified and consistent structure growth measurements from joint ACT, SPT, and Planck CMB Lensing, Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 021001 (2026).
  35. F. Couchot, S. Henrot-Versillé, O. Perdereau, S. Plaszczynski, B. Rouillé d’Orfeuil, M. Spinelli, and M. Tristram, Cosmological constraints on the neutrino mass including systematic uncertainties, Astron. Astrophys. 606, A104 (2017).
  36. E. Abdalla et al., Cosmology intertwined: A review of the particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology associated with the cosmological tensions and anomalies, J. High Energy Astrophys. 34, 49 (2022).
  37. N. Craig, D. Green, J. Meyers, and S. Rajendran, No νs is good news, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2024) 097.
  38. D. Wang, O. Mena, E. Di Valentino, and S. Gariazzo, Updating neutrino mass constraints with background measurements, Phys. Rev. D 110, 103536 (2024).
  39. I. J. Allali and A. Notari, Neutrino mass bounds from DESI 2024 are relaxed by Planck PR4 and cosmological supernovae, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 12 (2024) 020.
  40. A. Yadav, S. Kumar, C. Kibris, and O. Akarsu, ΛsCDM cosmology: Alleviating major cosmological tensions by predicting standard neutrino properties, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 042.
  41. D. Green and J. Meyers, Cosmological preference for a negative neutrino mass, Phys. Rev. D 111, 083507 (2025).
  42. W. Elbers, C. S. Frenk, A. Jenkins, B. Li, and S. Pascoli, Negative neutrino masses as a mirage of dark energy, Phys. Rev. D 111, 063534 (2025).
  43. D. Naredo-Tuero, M. Escudero, E. Fernández-Martínez, X. Marcano, and V. Poulin, Critical look at the cosmological neutrino mass bound, Phys. Rev. D 110, 123537 (2024).
  44. J.-Q. Jiang, W. Giarè, S. Gariazzo, M. G. Dainotti, E. Di Valentino, O. Mena, D. Pedrotti, S. S. da Costa, and S. Vagnozzi, Neutrino cosmology after DESI: Tightest mass upper limits, preference for the normal ordering, and tension with terrestrial observations, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2025) 153.
  45. T. Bertólez-Martínez, I. Esteban, R. Hajjar, O. Mena, and J. Salvado, Origin of cosmological neutrino mass bounds: Background versus perturbations, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2025) 058.
  46. G. P. Lynch and L. Knox, What’s the matter with Σmν?, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083543 (2025).
  47. E. Di Valentino et al. (CosmoVerse Network Collaboration), The CosmoVerse white paper: Addressing observational tensions in cosmology with systematics and fundamental physics, Phys. Dark Universe 49, 101965 (2025).
  48. N. Sailer, G. S. Farren, S. Ferraro, and M. White, Addressing tensions in ΛCDM cosmology by an increase in the optical depth to reionization, Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 081002 (2026).
  49. W. Giarè, O. Mena, E. Specogna, and E. Di Valentino, Neutrino mass tension or suppressed growth rate of matter perturbations?, Phys. Rev. D 112, 103520 (2025).
  50. P. W. Graham, D. Green, and J. Meyers, New interpretations of the cosmological preference for a negative neutrino mass, Phys. Rev. D 113, 043514 (2026).
  51. A. Cozzumbo, M. Atzori Corona, R. Murgia, M. Archidiacono, and M. Cadeddu, A short blanket for cosmology: The CMB lensing anomaly behind the preference for a negative neutrino mass, arXiv:2511.01967.
  52. I. J. Allali, L. Li, P. Singh, and J. Fan, Cosmic tensions indirectly correlate with reionization optical depth, Phys. Rev. D 113, 083515 (2026).
  53. I. J. Allali, P. Singh, J. Fan, and L. Li, Reionization and the Hubble constant: Correlations in the Cosmic Microwave Background, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08 (2025) 082.
  54. J. F. Beacom, N. F. Bell, and S. Dodelson, Neutrinoless universe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 121302 (2004).
  55. Y. Farzan and S. Hannestad, Neutrinos secretly converting to lighter particles to please both KATRIN and the cosmos, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2016) 058.
  56. M. Escudero, T. Schwetz, and J. Terol-Calvo, A seesaw model for large neutrino masses in concordance with cosmology, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2023) 142; 06 (2024) 119(E).
  57. C. Benso, T. Schwetz, and D. Vatsyayan, Large neutrino mass in cosmology and keV sterile neutrino dark matter from a dark sector, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2025) 054.
  58. A. Das, P. S. B. Dev, C. Gao, S. Ghosh, and T. Kim, Impostor among neutrinos: Dark radiation masquerading as self-interacting neutrinos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 131003 (2026).
  59. R. K. Sharma, M. Archidiacono, and J. Lesgourgues, Recoupled dark radiation reconciling CMB and DESI BAO measurements, arXiv:2605.18716.
  60. L. Boyle, K. Finn, and N. Turok, CPT-symmetric universe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 251301 (2018).
  61. L. Boyle, K. Finn, and N. Turok, The Big Bang, CPT, and neutrino dark matter, Ann. Phys. (Amsterdam) 438, 168767 (2022).
  62. Z.-j. Tao, Radiative seesaw mechanism at weak scale, Phys. Rev. D 54, 5693 (1996).
  63. E. Ma, Verifiable radiative seesaw mechanism of neutrino mass and dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 73, 077301 (2006).
  64. Y. Farzan and E. Ma, Dirac neutrino mass generation from dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 86, 033007 (2012).
  65. P. Escribano, M. Reig, and A. Vicente, Generalizing the Scotogenic model, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2020) 097.
  66. P. Minkowski, μ→eγ at a Rate of one out of 109 muon decays?, Phys. Lett. B 67, 421 (1977).
  67. R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Neutrino mass and spontaneous parity nonconservation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 912 (1980).
  68. M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond, and R. Slansky, Complex spinors and unified theories, Conf. Proc. C 790927, 315 (1979).
  69. T. Yanagida, Horizontal gauge symmetry and masses of neutrinos, Conf. Proc. C 7902131, 95 (1979).
  70. A. Y. Smirnov, Seesaw enhancement of lepton mixing, Phys. Rev. D 48, 3264 (1993).
  71. E. Ma, D. P. Roy, and U. Sarkar, A Seesaw model for atmospheric and solar neutrino oscillations, Phys. Lett. B 444, 391 (1998).
  72. S. F. King, Large mixing angle MSW and atmospheric neutrinos from single right-handed neutrino dominance and U(1) family symmetry, Nucl. Phys. B576, 85 (2000).
  73. L. Lavoura and W. Grimus, Seesaw model with softly broken L(e)-L(muon)-L(tau), J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2000) 007.
  74. S. F. King, Constructing the large mixing angle MNS matrix in seesaw models with right-handed neutrino dominance, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2002) 011.
  75. P. H. Frampton, S. L. Glashow, and T. Yanagida, Cosmological sign of neutrino CP violation, Phys. Lett. B 548, 119 (2002).
  76. M. Raidal and A. Strumia, Predictions of the most minimal seesaw model, Phys. Lett. B 553, 72 (2003).
  77. A. Ibarra and G. G. Ross, Neutrino phenomenology: The Case of two right-handed neutrinos, Phys. Lett. B 591, 285 (2004).
  78. S. F. King, Littlest Seesaw, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2016) 085.
  79. R. N. Mohapatra and J. W. F. Valle, Neutrino mass and baryon number nonconservation in superstring models, Phys. Rev. D 34, 1642 (1986).
  80. M. Malinsky, T. Ohlsson, Z.-z. Xing, and H. Zhang, Non-unitary neutrino mixing and CP violation in the minimal inverse seesaw model, Phys. Lett. B 679, 242 (2009).
  81. P. S. B. Dev and A. Pilaftsis, Minimal radiative neutrino mass mechanism for inverse seesaw models, Phys. Rev. D 86, 113001 (2012).
  82. A. Abada and M. Lucente, Looking for the minimal inverse seesaw realisation, Nucl. Phys. B885, 651 (2014).
  83. H. B. Camara, R. G. Felipe, and F. R. Joaquim, Minimal inverse-seesaw mechanism with Abelian flavour symmetries, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2021) 021.
  84. B. Thapa, S. Barman, S. Bora, and N. K. Francis, A minimal inverse seesaw model with S4 flavour symmetry, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2023) 154.
  85. P. H. Frampton, S. L. Glashow, and D. Marfatia, Zeroes of the neutrino mass matrix, Phys. Lett. B 536, 79 (2002).
  86. Z.-z. Xing, Texture zeros and Majorana phases of the neutrino mass matrix, Phys. Lett. B 530, 159 (2002).
  87. P. O. Ludl and W. Grimus, A complete survey of texture zeros in the lepton mass matrices, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2014) 090; 10 (2014) 126(E).
  88. H. Borgohain and D. Borah, Survey of texture zeros with light Dirac neutrinos, J. Phys. G 48, 075005 (2021).
  89. S. Davidson, G. Isidori, and A. Strumia, The smallest neutrino mass, Phys. Lett. B 646, 100 (2007).
  90. H. Fritzsch, Z.-z. Xing, and S. Zhou, Two-zero textures of the Majorana neutrino mass matrix and current experimental tests, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2011) 083.
  91. S. Dev, R. R. Gautam, L. Singh, and M. Gupta, Near maximal atmospheric neutrino mixing in neutrino mass models with two texture zeros, Phys. Rev. D 90, 013021 (2014).
  92. D. Borah, E. Ma, and D. Nanda, Dark SU(2) gauge symmetry and scotogenic Dirac neutrinos, Phys. Lett. B 835, 137539 (2022).
  93. D. Borah, E. Ma, and D. Nanda, Dark SU(2)→Z3×Z2 gauge symmetry, Phys. Lett. B 842, 137981 (2023).
  94. E. Witten, An SU(2) anomaly, Phys. Lett. 117B, 324 (1982).
  95. B. Pontecorvo, Mesonium and Antimesonium, Sov. Phys. JETP 6, 429 (1958).
  96. Z. Maki, M. Nakagawa, and S. Sakata, Remarks on the unified model of elementary particles, Prog. Theor. Phys. 28, 870 (1962).
  97. T. Morozumi, Y. Shimizu, H. Umeeda, and A. Yuu, Hidden relations in three generation seesaw model with Dirac mass matrix of four-zero texture, Phys. Lett. B 799, 135046 (2019).
  98. S. Dev, S. Kumar, S. Verma, S. Gupta, and R. R. Gautam, Four zero texture Fermion mass matrices in SO(10) GUT, Eur. Phys. J. C 72, 1940 (2012).
  99. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/h3y7-qzyr for flavor completion of the D76 texture, which includes additional Refs. [100–103].
  100. F. Feruglio and A. Romanino, Lepton flavor symmetries, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 015007 (2021).
  101. P. B. Denton and J. Gehrlein, Survey of neutrino flavor predictions and the neutrinoless double beta decay funnel, Phys. Rev. D 109, 055028 (2024).
  102. G. Chauhan, P. S. B. Dev, I. Dubovyk, B. Dziewit, W. Flieger, K. Grzanka, J. Gluza, B. Karmakar, and S. Zieba, Phenomenology of lepton masses and mixing with discrete flavor symmetries, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 138, 104126 (2024).
  103. I. de Medeiros Varzielas, M.-S. Liu, A. Sengupta, and J. Talbert, Residual symmetries and scalar multiplet vacuum alignment in non-Abelian flavour models, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2026) 022.
  104. A. Abusleme et al. (JUNO Collaboration), First measurement of reactor neutrino oscillations at JUNO, Nature (London) 654, 343 (2026).
  105. I. Esteban, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, I. Martinez-Soler, J. P. Pinheiro, and T. Schwetz, nufit-6.0: Updated global analysis of three-flavor neutrino oscillations, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2025) 216.
  106. A. A. Esfahani et al. (Project 8 Collaboration), The project 8 neutrino mass experiment, in Snowmass 2021 (2022).
  107. G. Drexlin and C. Weinheimer, KATRIN experiment, arXiv:2601.00248.
  108. F. Adam et al. (ECHo Collaboration), Improved limit on the effective electron neutrino mass with the ECHo-1k experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 121801 (2026).
  109. B. K. Alpert et al., Most stringent bound on electron neutrino mass obtained with a scalable low-temperature microcalorimeter array, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 141801 (2025).
  110. A. Font-Ribera, P. McDonald, N. Mostek, B. A. Reid, H.-J. Seo, and A. Slosar, DESI and other dark energy experiments in the era of neutrino mass measurements, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2014) 023.
  111. P. Ade et al. (Simons Observatory Collaboration), The Simons Observatory: Science goals and forecasts, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2019) 056.
  112. K. N. Abazajian et al. (CMB-S4 Collaboration), CMB-S4 Science Book, First Edition, 2016.
  113. T. Brinckmann, D. C. Hooper, M. Archidiacono, J. Lesgourgues, and T. Sprenger, The promising future of a robust cosmological neutrino mass measurement, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2019) 059.
  114. A. J. Long, C. Lunardini, and E. Sabancilar, Detecting non-relativistic cosmic neutrinos by capture on tritium: Phenomenology and physics potential, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08 (2014) 038.
  115. D. J. Gross and F. Wilczek, Ultraviolet behavior of non-Abelian gauge theories, Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 1343 (1973).
  116. H. D. Politzer, Reliable perturbative results for strong interactions?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 1346 (1973).
  117. J. E. Juknevich, D. Melnikov, and M. J. Strassler, A Pure-Glue Hidden valley I. States and decays, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2009) 055.
  118. T. Hambye and M. H. G. Tytgat, Confined hidden vector dark matter, Phys. Lett. B 683, 39 (2010).
  119. J. E. Juknevich, Pure-glue hidden valleys through the Higgs portal, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2010) 121.
  120. Y. Bai and P. Schwaller, Scale of dark QCD, Phys. Rev. D 89, 063522 (2014).
  121. K. K. Boddy, J. L. Feng, M. Kaplinghat, and T. M. P. Tait, Self-interacting dark matter from a non-Abelian hidden sector, Phys. Rev. D 89, 115017 (2014).
  122. K. K. Boddy, J. L. Feng, M. Kaplinghat, Y. Shadmi, and T. M. P. Tait, Strongly interacting dark matter: Self-interactions and keV lines, Phys. Rev. D 90, 095016 (2014).
  123. N. Yamanaka, S. Fujibayashi, S. Gongyo, and H. Iida, Dark matter in the hidden gauge theory, arXiv:1411.2172.
  124. M. A. Buen-Abad, G. Marques-Tavares, and M. Schmaltz, Non-Abelian dark matter and dark radiation, Phys. Rev. D 92, 023531 (2015).
  125. A. Soni and Y. Zhang, Hidden SU(N) glueball dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 93, 115025 (2016).
  126. R. Garani, M. Redi, and A. Tesi, Dark QCD matters, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2021) 139.
  127. L. Forestell, D. E. Morrissey, and K. Sigurdson, Non-Abelian dark forces and the relic densities of dark glueballs, Phys. Rev. D 95, 015032 (2017).
  128. L. Forestell, D. E. Morrissey, and K. Sigurdson, Cosmological bounds on non-Abelian dark forces, Phys. Rev. D 97, 075029 (2018).
  129. V. De Luca, A. Mitridate, M. Redi, J. Smirnov, and A. Strumia, Colored dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 97, 115024 (2018).
  130. M. Berbig, J. Herrero-Garcia, and G. Landini, Dynamical origin of neutrino masses and dark matter from a new confining sector, Phys. Rev. D 110, 035011 (2024).
  131. C. J. Morningstar and M. J. Peardon, The Glueball spectrum from an anisotropic lattice study, Phys. Rev. D 60, 034509 (1999).
  132. B. Lucini, M. Teper, and U. Wenger, Glueballs and k-strings in SU(N) gauge theories: Calculations with improved operators, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2004) 012.
  133. A. A. Anselm and A. A. Johansen, Can electroweak theta term be observable?, Nucl. Phys. B412, 553 (1994).
  134. P. Fileviez Perez and H. H. Patel, The electroweak vacuum angle, Phys. Lett. B 732, 241 (2014).
  135. J. Brister, B. Long, L. Ran, M. Shahzad, Z. Sun, and Y. Zou, Physical remnant of electroweak theta angles, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2026) 205.
  136. I. Goldman and S. Nussinov, Weakly interacting massive particles and neutron stars, Phys. Rev. D 40, 3221 (1989).
  137. G. Bertone and M. Fairbairn, Compact stars as dark matter probes, Phys. Rev. D 77, 043515 (2008).
  138. R. Garani, Y. Genolini, and T. Hambye, New analysis of neutron star constraints on asymmetric dark matter, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2019) 035.
  139. G. Busoni, Capture of dark matter in neutron stars, Moscow Univ. Phys. Bull. 77, 301 (2022).
  140. M. Baryakhtar, J. Bramante, S. W. Li, T. Linden, and N. Raj, Dark kinetic heating of neutron stars and an infrared window on WIMPs, SIMPs, and pure Higgsinos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 131801 (2017).
  141. R. Garani, A. Gupta, and N. Raj, Observing the thermalization of dark matter in neutron stars, Phys. Rev. D 103, 043019 (2021).
  142. D. Ghosh and A. Das, Probing freeze-in dark matter using Bose-Einstein condensate in neutron star, arXiv:2605.22245.
  143. S. D. McDermott, H.-B. Yu, and K. M. Zurek, Constraints on scalar asymmetric dark matter from black hole formation in neutron stars, Phys. Rev. D 85, 023519 (2012).
  144. J. Bramante, K. Fukushima, and J. Kumar, Constraints on bosonic dark matter from observation of old neutron stars, Phys. Rev. D 87, 055012 (2013).
  145. N. F. Bell, A. Melatos, and K. Petraki, Realistic neutron star constraints on bosonic asymmetric dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 87, 123507 (2013).
  146. B. Dasgupta, R. Laha, and A. Ray, Low mass black holes from dark core collapse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 141105 (2021).
  147. A. K. Saha, A. Dubey, and N. Raj, Hawking heating of neutron stars by dark matter, arXiv:2511.19599.
  148. B. Svetitsky and L. G. Yaffe, Critical behavior at finite temperature confinement transitions, Nucl. Phys. B210, 423 (1982).
  149. J. Fingberg, U. M. Heller, and F. Karsch, Scaling and asymptotic scaling in the SU(2) gauge theory, Nucl. Phys. B392, 493 (1993).
  150. P. Schwaller, Gravitational waves from a dark phase transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 181101 (2015).
  151. A. Soni and Y. Zhang, Gravitational waves from SU(N) glueball dark matter, Phys. Lett. B 771, 379 (2017).
  152. C. Caprini et al., Detecting gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions with LISA: An update, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2020) 024.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 114, L031702– Published 14 August, 2026
  • Received 10 June 2026
  • Accepted 14 July 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation