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  • Open Access

Neutrinos as background and signal in searches using the Migdal effect

Tarak Nath Maity*

  • School of Physics, The University of Sydney, ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, New South Wales 2006, Australia

  • *Contact author: tarak.maity.physics@gmail.com
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Phys. Rev. D 111, 123020 – Published 10 June, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/h3th-6wsr

Abstract

Ionization or excitation resulting from the noninstantaneous response of the electron cloud to nuclear recoil is known as the Migdal effect. Dark matter searches utilizing this process set the most stringent bounds on the spin-independent dark matter–nucleon scattering cross section over a large region of the sub-GeV dark matter parameter space, underscoring its significance in dark matter detection. In this paper, we quantify the regions of dark matter parameter space that are challenging to probe via the Migdal effect due to the presence of dominant solar neutrino backgrounds for both liquid noble and semiconductor targets. Our findings reveal that there is no hard floor in the dark matter parameter space. Instead, we map the so-called neutrino fog. In mapping the neutrino fog, we identify the importance of incorporating the Migdal effect induced by neutrinos, as well as neutrino-electron scattering and dominant coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, particularly for semiconductor targets. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a large portion of the relic density allowed parameter space lies within the neutrino fog. Finally, we estimate the exposure required to detect neutrino-induced Migdal events in direct detection experiments.

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Phys. Rev. D 111, 123020– Published 10 June, 2025
  • Received 28 January 2025
  • Accepted 23 May 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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