Collective neutrino oscillations in three flavors on qubit and qutrit processors

Luca Spagnoli; Noah Goss; Alessandro Roggero; Ermal Rrapaj; Michael J. Cervia; Amol V. Patwardhan; Ravi K. Naik; A. Baha Balantekin; Ed Younis; David I. Santiago; Irfan Siddiqi; Sheakha Aldaihan

doi:10.1103/gjr1-lf8s

Collective neutrino oscillations in three flavors on qubit and qutrit processors

Luca Spagnoli ^1,2, Noah Goss ^3,4, Alessandro Roggero^1,5, Ermal Rrapaj ^6,7,8, Michael J. Cervia ⁹, Amol V. Patwardhan ^10,11, Ravi K. Naik ^3,4, A. Baha Balantekin ¹², Ed Younis ⁴ et al.

David I. Santiago ^3,4, Irfan Siddiqi^3,4, and Sheakha Aldaihan ¹³

¹Physics Department, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy
²INFN-TIFPA Trento Institute of Fundamental Physics and Applications, Via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy
³Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁴Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁵INFN-TIFPA Trento Institute of Fundamental Physics and Applications, Trento, Italy
⁶National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁷Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁸RIKEN iTHEMS, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
⁹Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
¹⁰School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
¹¹Department of Physics, New York Institute of Technology, New York, New York 10023, USA
¹²Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
¹³Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

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Phys. Rev. D 111, 103054 – Published 30 May, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/gjr1-lf8s

Abstract

Collective neutrino flavor oscillations are of primary importance in understanding the dynamic evolution of core-collapse supernovae and subsequent terrestrial detection, but also among the most challenging aspects of numerical simulations. This situation is complicated by the quantum many-body nature of the problem due to neutrino-neutrino interactions, which demands a quantum treatment. An additional complication is the presence of three flavors, which often is approximated by the electron flavor and a heavy lepton flavor. In this work, we provide both qubit and qutrit encodings for all three flavors, and develop optimized quantum circuits for the time evolution and analyze the Trotter error. We conclude our study with a hardware experiment of a system of two neutrinos with superconducting hardware: the IBM Torino device for qubits and Advanced Quantum Testbed device at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for qutrits. We find that error mitigation greatly helps in obtaining a signal consistent with simulations. While hardware results are comparable at this stage, we expect the qutrit setup to be more convenient for large-scale simulations since it does not suffer from probability leakage into nonphsycial qubit space, unlike the qubit setup.

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Collective neutrino oscillations in three flavors on qubit and qutrit processors

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Collective neutrino oscillations in three flavors on qubit and qutrit processors

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