- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

INTEGRAL, eROSITA and Voyager constraints on light bosonic dark matter: ALPs, dark photons, scalars, B−L and Li−Lj vectors

Thong T. Q. Nguyen1,*, Pedro De la Torre Luque1,2,3,†, Isabelle John4,5,‡, Shyam Balaji6,§, Pierluca Carenza1,∥, and Tim Linden1,7,¶

  • *Contact author: thong.nguyen@fysik.su.se
  • †Contact author: pedro.delatorre@uam.es
  • ‡Contact author: isabelle.john@unito.it
  • §Contact author: shyam.balaji@kcl.ac.uk
  • ∥Contact author: pierluca.carenza@fysik.su.se
  • Contact author: linden@fysik.su.se
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 113, 103010 – Published 6 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/fn6k-1nlc

Abstract

The decay of light bosonic dark matter particles can produce a bright electron/positron (e+e−) flux that can be strongly constrained by local Voyager observations of the direct e+e− flux, as well as 511 keV line and x-ray continuum observations of e+e− emission. We carefully analyze the e+e− yield and resulting cosmic ray and x-ray spectra from theoretically well-motivated light dark matter models, including (a) electrophilic axion-like particles, (b) dark photons, (c) scalars, and (d) B−L and Li−Lj vector bosons. We use the morphology and spectrum of the INTEGRAL 511 keV line data, the eROSITA x-ray continuum spectrum and the Voyager e+e− spectrum to constrain the decay lifetime and coupling of each dark matter model. We find that 511 keV observations typically set world-leading limits on bosonic dark matter decay below masses of ∼1  GeV, while eROSITA observations provide the strongest constraints in the range from 1–10 GeV. Finally, we forecast future limits from 21 cm line searches with next-generation HERA data.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (215)

  1. G. Bertone and D. Hooper, Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 045002 (2018).
  2. G. Bertone and T. Tait M. P., Nature (London) 562, 51 (2018).
  3. P. De la Torre Luque, P. Carenza, and T. T. Q. Nguyen, Phys. Rev. D 113, 063035 (2025).
  4. S. Roy, C. Blanco, C. Dessert, A. Prabhu, and T. Temim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 071003 (2025).
  5. M. Cirelli, N. Fornengo, J. Koechler, E. Pinetti, and B. M. Roach, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2023) 026; 08 (2025) E02(E).
  6. M. Cirelli, N. Fornengo, B. J. Kavanagh, and Elena Pinetti, Phys. Rev. D 103, 063022 (2021).
  7. H. Liu, W. Qin, G. W. Ridgway, and T. R. Slatyer, Phys. Rev. D 104, 043514 (2021).
  8. W. Qin, J. B. Munoz, H. Liu, and T. R. Slatyer, Phys. Rev. D 109, 103026 (2024).
  9. P. Carenza, G. Lucente, and E. Vitagliano, Phys. Rev. D 107, 083032 (2023).
  10. J. W. Foster, M. Kongsore, C. Dessert, Y. Park, N. L. Rodd, K. Cranmer, and B. R. Safdi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 051101 (2021).
  11. H.-B. Jin, Y.-L. Wu, and Y.-F. Zhou, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2013) 026.
  12. C. Blanco and D. Hooper, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2019) 019.
  13. S. Das, J. A. Carpio, and K. Murase, Phys. Rev. D 111, 083007 (2025).
  14. K. Murase and J. F. Beacom, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2012) 043.
  15. D. Song, N. Hiroshima, and K. Murase, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2024) 087.
  16. D. Song, K. Murase, and A. Kheirandish, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2024) 024.
  17. C. W. Bauer, N. L. Rodd, and B. R. Webber, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2021) 121.
  18. T. Cohen, K. Murase, N. L. Rodd, B. R. Safdi, and Y. Soreq, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 021102 (2017).
  19. I. Baldes, F. Calore, K. Petraki, V. Poireau, and N. L. Rodd, SciPost Phys. 9, 068 (2020).
  20. K. Cheung, J.-L. Kuo, K.-W. Ng, and Y.-L. S. Tsai, Phys. Lett. B 789, 137 (2019).
  21. C. Han, M. L. López-Ibáñez, A. Melis, O. Vives, and J. M. Yang, Phys. Rev. D 103, 035028 (2021).
  22. L. Calibbi, F. Goertz, D. Redigolo, R. Ziegler, and J. Zupan, Phys. Rev. D 95, 095009 (2017).
  23. M. Fabbrichesi, E. Gabrielli, and G. Lanfranchi, The Physics of the Dark Photon (Springer Cham, New York, 2020).
  24. A. Hebecker, J. Jaeckel, and R. Kuespert, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2024) 116.
  25. P. Fayet, Nucl. Phys. B187, 184 (1981).
  26. P. Fayet, Nucl. Phys. B347, 743 (1990).
  27. T. T. Q. Nguyen, I. John, T. Linden, and T. M. P. Tait, arXiv:2412.00180.
  28. E. J. Chun and S. Yun, Phys. Rev. D 106, 095027 (2022).
  29. E. Stone, A. C. Cummings, F. B. McDonald, B. C. Heikkila, N. Lal, and W. R. Webber, Science 341, 150 (2013).
  30. A. C. Cummings, E. C. Stone, B. C. Heikkila, N. Lal, W. R. Webber, G. Jóhannesson, I. V. Moskalenko, E. Orlando, and T. A. Porter, Astrophys. J. 831, 18 (2016).
  31. Y. Ascasibar, P. Jean, C. Boehm, and J. Knoedlseder, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368, 1695 (2006).
  32. C. Boehm, T. A. Ensslin, and J. Silk, J. Phys. G 30, 279 (2004).
  33. C. Boehm, D. Hooper, J. Silk, M. Casse, and J. Paul, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 101301 (2004).
  34. A. C. Vincent, P. Martin, and J. M. Cline, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2012) 022.
  35. R. J. Wilkinson, A. C. Vincent, C. Bœhm, and C. McCabe, Phys. Rev. D 94, 103525 (2016).
  36. S. Khan, J. Kim, J. Kim, and P. Ko, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2025) 102.
  37. M. Aghaie, P. De la Torre Luque, A. Dondarini, D. Gaggero, G. Marino, and P. Panci, arXiv:2501.10504.
  38. F. Calore, P. Carenza, M. Giannotti, J. Jaeckel, G. Lucente, L. Mastrototaro, and A. Mirizzi, Phys. Rev. D 105, 063026 (2022).
  39. C. V. Cappiello, M. Jafs, and A. C. Vincent, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2023) 003.
  40. P. De la Torre Luque, S. Balaji, and J. Silk, Astrophys. J. Lett. 973, L6 (2024).
  41. P. De la Torre Luque, S. Balaji, M. Fairbairn, F. Sala, and J. Silk, arXiv:2410.16379.
  42. M. Cirelli and P. Panci, Nucl. Phys. B821, 399 (2009).
  43. P. De la Torre Luque, S. Balaji, and J. Koechler, Astrophys. J. 968, 46 (2024).
  44. P. De la Torre Luque, J. Koechler, and S. Balaji, Phys. Rev. D 110, 123022 (2024).
  45. A. Merloni et al. (t. German eROSITA Consortium Collaboration), arXiv:1209.3114.
  46. X. Zheng, G. Ponti, M. Freyberg, J. Sanders, N. Locatelli, A. Merloni, A. Strong, M. Sasaki, J. Comparat, W. Becker, J. Kerp, C. Maitra, T. Liu, P. Predehl, K. Anastasopoulou, and G. Lamer, Astron. Astrophys. 681, A77 (2024).
  47. P. Predehl et al. (eROSITA Collaboration), Astron. Astrophys. 647, A1 (2021).
  48. C. Antel et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 1122 (2023).
  49. L. Di Luzio, M. Giannotti, E. Nardi, and L. Visinelli, Phys. Rep. 870, 1 (2020).
  50. J. Jaeckel and A. Ringwald, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 60, 405 (2010).
  51. P. Svrcek and E. Witten, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2006) 051.
  52. M. Cicoli, M. Goodsell, and A. Ringwald, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2012) 146.
  53. J. Halverson, C. Long, B. Nelson, and G. Salinas, Phys. Rev. D 99, 086014 (2019).
  54. P. Carenza, R. Pasechnik, and Z.-W. Wang, arXiv:2411.11716.
  55. P. Carenza, R. Pasechnik, and Z.-W. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 021001 (2025).
  56. S. Roy, A. Prabhu, C. Thompson, S. J. Witte, C. Blanco, and J. Zhang, arXiv:2505.20450.
  57. C. Fu et al. (PandaX Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 181806 (2017).
  58. N. Abgrall et al. (Majorana Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 161801 (2017).
  59. E. Armengaud et al. (EDELWEISS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 98, 082004 (2018).
  60. T. Aralis et al. (SuperCDMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 101, 052008 (2020); 103, 039901(E) (2021).
  61. E. Aprile et al. (XENON Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 102, 072004 (2020).
  62. M. Agostini et al. (GERDA Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 011801 (2020); 129, 089901(E) (2022).
  63. D. S. Akerib et al. (LUX Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 261301 (2017).
  64. T. Li et al. (PandaX Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 071004 (2025).
  65. X. Zeng et al. (PandaX Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 041001 (2025).
  66. J. Aalbers et al. (LZ Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 108, 072006 (2023).
  67. P. Agnes et al. (DarkSide Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 101002 (2023).
  68. E. Aprile et al. (XENON Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 161805 (2022).
  69. R. Z. Ferreira, M. C. D. Marsh, and E. Müller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 221302 (2022).
  70. P. Carenza and G. Lucente, Phys. Rev. D 103, 123024 (2021).
  71. P. Carenza, M. Giannotti, J. Isern, A. Mirizzi, and O. Straniero, Phys. Rep. 1117, 1 (2025).
  72. D. Ghosh and D. Sachdeva, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2020) 060.
  73. P. Carenza and G. Lucente, Phys. Rev. D 104, 103007 (2021); 110, 049901(E) (2024).
  74. R. Z. Ferreira, M. C. D. Marsh, and E. Müller, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2022) 057.
  75. O. Ning and B. R. Safdi, arXiv:2503.09682.
  76. D. F. G. Fiorillo, T. Pitik, and E. Vitagliano, arXiv:2503.15630.
  77. O. Ghosh, S. Jacobsen, and T. Linden, arXiv:2501.08978.
  78. P. F. Depta, M. Hufnagel, and K. Schmidt-Hoberg, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 04 (2021) 011.
  79. M. Bauer, M. Neubert, and A. Thamm, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2017) 044.
  80. P. W. Graham, J. Mardon, and S. Rajendran, Phys. Rev. D 93, 103520 (2016).
  81. G. Servant and T. M. P. Tait, Nucl. Phys. B650, 391 (2003).
  82. A. E. Nelson and J. Scholtz, Phys. Rev. D 84, 103501 (2011).
  83. M. Goodsell, J. Jaeckel, J. Redondo, and A. Ringwald, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2009) 027.
  84. A. Caputo, A. J. Millar, C. A. J. O’Hare, and E. Vitagliano, Phys. Rev. D 104, 095029 (2021).
  85. J. Redondo and M. Postma, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2009) 005.
  86. P. Arias, D. Cadamuro, M. Goodsell, J. Jaeckel, J. Redondo, and A. Ringwald, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2012) 013.
  87. I. M. Bloch, R. Essig, K. Tobioka, T. Volansky, and T.-T. Yu, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2017) 087.
  88. E. Aprile et al. (XENON Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 251801 (2019).
  89. E. Aprile et al. (XENON Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 106, 022001 (2022); E. Aprile (XENON Collaboration)110, 109903(E) (2024).
  90. H. An, M. Pospelov, J. Pradler, and A. Ritz, Phys. Rev. D 102, 115022 (2020).
  91. E. Fischbach, H. Kloor, R. A. Langel, A. T. Y. Liu, and M. Peredo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 514 (1994).
  92. H.-S. Zechlin, D. Horns, and J. Redondo, AIP Conf. Proc. 1085, 727 (2009).
  93. X.-J. Bi, Y. Gao, J. Guo, N. Houston, T. Li, F. Xu, and X. Zhang, Phys. Rev. D 103, 043018 (2021).
  94. V. Q. Tran, T. T. Q. Nguyen, and T.-C. Yuan, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2024) 015.
  95. S.-P. Li and X.-J. Xu, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 09 (2023) 009.
  96. D. Wadekar and G. R. Farrar, Phys. Rev. D 103, 123028 (2021).
  97. M. J. Dolan, F. J. Hiskens, and R. R. Volkas, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2024) 099.
  98. S. Dubovsky and G. Hernández-Chifflet, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 12 (2015) 054.
  99. S. Yan, L. Li, and J. Fan, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2024) 028.
  100. D. K. Hong, C. S. Shin, and S. Yun, Phys. Rev. D 103, 123031 (2021).
  101. N. Vinyoles, A. Serenelli, F. L. Villante, S. Basu, J. Redondo, and J. Isern, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 10 (2015) 015.
  102. P. Carenza, T. Ferreira, and T. T. Q. Nguyen, arXiv:2507.08932.
  103. D. Cyncynates and Z. J. Weiner, Phys. Rev. D 111, 103535 (2025).
  104. N. Kitajima, S. Nakagawa, F. Takahashi, and W. Yin, Phys. Lett. B 862, 139304 (2025).
  105. T. Linden, T. T. Q. Nguyen, and T. M. P. Tait, arXiv:2402.01839.
  106. A. Melo, S. Hernández, and R. Alfaro, Phys. Rev. D 112, 103049 (2025).
  107. X. Fan, G. Gabrielse, P. W. Graham, H. Ramani, S. S. Y. Wong, and Y. Xiao, Phys. Rev. D 111, 075022 (2025).
  108. X. Fan, G. Gabrielse, P. W. Graham, R. Harnik, T. G. Myers, H. Ramani, B. A. D. Sukra, S. S. Y. Wong, and Y. Xiao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 261801 (2022).
  109. J. Jaeckel and A. V. Phan, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2024) 062.
  110. T. T. Q. Nguyen, Proc. Sci. COSMICWISPers2024 (2025) 066 [arXiv:2506.12153].
  111. W. Yin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 051004 (2025).
  112. S. Balaji, P. Carenza, P. De la Torre Luque, A. Lella, and L. Mastrototaro, Phys. Rev. D 111, 083053 (2025).
  113. T. Linden, T. T. Q. Nguyen, and T. M. P. Tait, Phys. Rev. D 112, 023026 (2025).
  114. K. Cheung, C. J. Ouseph, P.-Y. Tseng, and S. K. Kang, arXiv:2503.04175.
  115. C. Boehm and P. Fayet, Nucl. Phys. B683, 219 (2004).
  116. S. Kraml, T. Q. Loc, D. T. Nhung, and L. D. Ninh, SciPost Phys. 7, 052 (2019).
  117. P. S. B. Dev, R. N. Mohapatra, and Y. Zhang, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2021) 014.
  118. M. Bertrand, S. Kraml, T. Q. Loc, D. T. Nhung, and L. D. Ninh, Proc. Sci. TOOLS2020 (2021) 040 [arXiv:2012.11408].
  119. S. Bottaro, A. Caputo, G. Raffelt, and E. Vitagliano, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2023) 071.
  120. D. F. G. Fiorillo, A. Lella, C. A. J. O’Hare, and E. Vitagliano, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 211003 (2025).
  121. D. Wadekar and Z. Wang, Phys. Rev. D 106, 075007 (2022).
  122. A. Branca et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 021302 (2017).
  123. M. Filzinger, A. R. Caddell, D. Jani, M. Steinel, L. Giani, N. Huntemann, and B. M. Roberts, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 031001 (2025).
  124. O. Tretiak, X. Zhang, N. L. Figueroa, D. Antypas, A. Brogna, A. Banerjee, G. Perez, and D. Budker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 031301 (2022).
  125. E. Savalle, A. Hees, F. Frank, E. Cantin, P.-E. Pottie, B. M. Roberts, L. Cros, B. T. Mcallister, and P. Wolf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 051301 (2021).
  126. S. M. Vermeulen et al., Nature (London) 600, 424 (2021).
  127. L. Aiello, J. W. Richardson, S. M. Vermeulen, H. Grote, C. Hogan, O. Kwon, and C. Stoughton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 121101 (2022).
  128. W. M. Campbell, B. T. McAllister, M. Goryachev, E. N. Ivanov, and M. E. Tobar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 071301 (2021).
  129. R. Oswald et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 031302 (2022).
  130. C. J. Kennedy, E. Oelker, J. M. Robinson, T. Bothwell, D. Kedar, W. R. Milner, G. E. Marti, A. Derevianko, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 201302 (2020).
  131. X. Zhang, A. Banerjee, M. Leyser, G. Perez, S. Schiller, D. Budker, and D. Antypas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 251002 (2023).
  132. A. S. Göttel, A. Ejlli, K. Karan, S. M. Vermeulen, L. Aiello, V. Raymond, and H. Grote, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 101001 (2024).
  133. A. Afzal et al. (NANOGrav Collaboration), Astrophys. J. Lett. 951, L11 (2023); 971, L27(E) (2024).
  134. K. Zhou, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2025) 134.
  135. D. Cyncynates and O. Simon, arXiv:2408.16816.
  136. D. Cyncynates and O. Simon, arXiv:2410.22409.
  137. A. O. Sushkov, W. J. Kim, D. A. R. Dalvit, and S. K. Lamoreaux, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 171101 (2011).
  138. T. A. Wagner, S. Schlamminger, J. H. Gundlach, and E. G. Adelberger, Classical Quantum Gravity 29, 184002 (2012).
  139. E. G. Adelberger, J. H. Gundlach, B. R. Heckel, S. Hoedl, and S. Schlamminger, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 62, 102 (2009).
  140. T. T. Q. Nguyen and T. M. P. Tait, Phys. Rev. D 107, 115016 (2023).
  141. K. Asai, A. Das, J. Li, T. Nomura, and O. Seto, Phys. Rev. D 106, 095033 (2022).
  142. T. Hayashi, S. Matsumoto, Y. Watanabe, and T. T. Yanagida, Phys. Rev. D 111, 055012 (2025).
  143. P. J. Fox and E. Poppitz, Phys. Rev. D 79, 083528 (2009).
  144. G. Bertone, M. Cirelli, A. Strumia, and M. Taoso, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2009) 009.
  145. I. John and T. Linden, Phys. Rev. D 108, 103022 (2023).
  146. I. John and T. Linden, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 12 (2021) 007.
  147. D. Borah, N. Das, S. Jahedi, and B. Thacker, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2025) 074.
  148. B. Barman, S. Bhattacharya, S. Girmohanta, and S. Jahedi, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2022) 146.
  149. E. Nardi, F. Sannino, and A. Strumia, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2009) 043.
  150. T. T. Q. Nguyen, T. Linden, P. Carenza, and A. Widmark, arXiv:2501.14864.
  151. E. A. Shaw, M. P. Ross, C. A. Hagedorn, E. G. Adelberger, and J. H. Gundlach, Phys. Rev. D 105, 042007 (2022).
  152. A. G. Abac et al. (KAGRA Collaboration, LIGO Scientific Collaboration, and VIRGO Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 110, 042001 (2024).
  153. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, KAGRA Collaboration, and Virgo Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 105, 063030 (2022); R. Abbott (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, KAGRA Collaboration, and Virgo Collaboration)109, 089902(E) (2024).
  154. A. L. Miller and L. Mendes, Phys. Rev. D 107, 063015 (2023).
  155. J. Frerick, J. Jaeckel, F. Kahlhoefer, and K. Schmidt-Hoberg, Phys. Lett. B 848, 138328 (2024).
  156. X. Xue et al. (PPTA Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Res. 4, L012022 (2022).
  157. D. W. P. Amaral, D. G. Uitenbroek, T. H. Oosterkamp, and C. D. Tunnell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 251001 (2025).
  158. W. Elbers et al. (DESI Collaboration), arXiv:2503.14744.
  159. A. Loureiro et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 081301 (2019).
  160. A. Coogan, L. Morrison, and S. Profumo, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01 (2020) 056.
  161. A. Coogan, L. Morrison, T. Plehn, S. Profumo, and P. Reimitz, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2022) 033.
  162. M. Cirelli, G. Corcella, A. Hektor, G. Hutsi, M. Kadastik, P. Panci, M. Raidal, F. Sala, and A. Strumia, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2011) 051; 12(2012) E01(E).
  163. P. Ciafaloni, D. Comelli, A. Riotto, F. Sala, A. Strumia, and A. Urbano, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2011) 019.
  164. G. Elor, N. L. Rodd, T. R. Slatyer, and W. Xue, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 06 (2016) 024.
  165. S. Amoroso, S. Caron, A. Jueid, R. Ruiz de Austri, and P. Skands, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2019) 007.
  166. S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
  167. C. Arina, M. Di Mauro, N. Fornengo, J. Heisig, A. Jueid, and R. R. de Austri, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2024) 035.
  168. T. Bringmann, J. Edsjö, P. Gondolo, P. Ullio, and L. Bergström, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2018) 033.
  169. J. F. Navarro, C. S. Frenk, and S. D. M. White, Astrophys. J. 462, 563 (1996).
  170. M. Benito, F. Iocco, and A. Cuoco, Phys. Dark Universe 32, 100826 (2021).
  171. P. Salucci, F. Nesti, G. Gentile, and C. F. Martins, Astron. Astrophys. 523, A83 (2010).
  172. C. Evoli, D. Gaggero, A. Vittino, G. Di Bernardo, M. Di Mauro, A. Ligorini, P. Ullio, and D. Grasso, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2017) 015.
  173. C. Evoli, D. Gaggero, A. Vittino, M. Di Mauro, D. Grasso, and M. N. Mazziotta, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2018) 006.
  174. M. Boudaud, J. Lavalle, and P. Salati, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 021103 (2017).
  175. P. De la Torre Luque, S. Balaji, and P. Carenza, Phys. Rev. D 109, 103028 (2024).
  176. P. De la Torre Luque, S. Balaji, and P. Carenza, Phys. Rev. D 109, L101305 (2024).
  177. R. Bartels, D. Gaggero, and C. Weniger, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05 (2017) 001.
  178. S. Balaji, D. Cleaver, P. De la Torre Luque, and M. Michailidis, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11 (2025) 053.
  179. A. Dundovic, C. Evoli, D. Gaggero, and D. Grasso, Astron. Astrophys. 653, A18 (2021).
  180. P. De la Torre Luque, S. Balaji, and J. Silk, Astrophys. J. Lett. 991 L29 (2025).
  181. N. Guessoum, R. Ramaty, and R. E. Lingenfelter, Astrophys. J. 378, 170 (1991).
  182. T. Siegert, R. Diehl, G. Khachatryan, M. G. H. Krause, F. Guglielmetti, J. Greiner, A. W. Strong, and X. Zhang, Astron. Astrophys. 586, A84 (2016).
  183. D. R. DeBoer et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 129, 045001 (2017).
  184. Y. Sun, J. W. Foster, H. Liu, J. B. Muñoz, and T. R. Slatyer, Phys. Rev. D 111, 043015 (2025).
  185. D. R. DeBoer et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 129, 045001 (2017).
  186. F. Calore, A. Dekker, P. D. Serpico, and T. Siegert, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 520, 4167 (2023).
  187. F. Cima and F. D’Eramo, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 02 (2026) 020.
  188. M. Nakane, M. Ouchi, K. Nakajima, Y. Ono, Y. Harikane, Y. Isobe, K. Nomoto, M. N. Ishigaki, H. Yanagisawa, D. Kashino, N. Tominaga, K. Takahashi, M. Nishigaki, Y. Takeda, and K. Watanabe, arXiv:2503.11457.
  189. R. Maiolino et al., Astron. Astrophys. 687, A67 (2024).
  190. N. J. Adams et al., arXiv:2304.13721.
  191. J. A. Tomsick et al., Proc. Sci. ICRC2023 (2023) 745 [arXiv:2308.12362].
  192. A. Kounine, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 21, 1230005 (2012).
  193. M. Kuhlen and P. Mertsch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 251104 (2019).
  194. M. Cirelli and A. Kar, SciPost Phys. 19, 080 (2025).
  195. K. E. O’Donnell and T. R. Slatyer, Phys. Rev. D 111 (2025).
  196. T.-P. Tang, M. Yang, K.-K. Duan, Y.-L. S. Tsai, and Y.-Z. Fan, arXiv:2505.05359.
  197. Y. Z. Fan et al., Acta Astronomica Sinica 63, 27 (2022).
  198. G. Lucchetta, M. Ackermann, D. Berge, and R. Bühler, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08 (2022) 013.
  199. G. Lucchetta, M. Ackermann, D. Berge, I. Bloch, R. Bühler, H. Kolanoski, W. Lange, and F. Zappon, J. Instrum. 17, P08004 (2022).
  200. A. K. Saha, Phys. Rev. D 111, 123041 (2025).
  201. R. Caputo et al. (AMEGO Collaboration), arXiv:1907.07558.
  202. M. Tavani et al. (e-ASTROGAM Collaboration), J. High Energy Astrophys. 19, 1 (2018).
  203. E. Orlando et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07 (2022) 036.
  204. T. Dzhatdoev and E. Podlesnyi, Astropart. Phys. 112, 1 (2019).
  205. T. Aramaki, P. Hansson Adrian, G. Karagiorgi, and H. Odaka, Astropart. Phys. 114, 107 (2020).
  206. X. Wu, M. Su, A. Bravar, J. Chang, Y. Fan, M. Pohl, and R. Walter, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 9144, 91440F (2014).
  207. Y. Watanabe, S. Matsumoto, C. M. Karwin, T. Melia, M. Negro, T. Siegert, Y. Watanabe, H. Yoneda, and T. Takahashi, arXiv:2504.11810.
  208. F. D’Eramo, A. Lenoci, and A. Dekker, Phys. Rev. D 112, 116008 (2025).
  209. M. Cirelli et al., In preparation.
  210. C. R. Harris et al., Nature (London) 585, 357 (2020).
  211. P. Virtanen et al., Nat. Methods 17, 261 (2020).
  212. T. P. Robitaille et al. (Astropy Collaboration), Astron. Astrophys. 558, A33 (2013).
  213. J. D. Hunter, Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 90 (2007).
  214. T. Kluyver, B. Ragan-Kelley, F. Pérez, B. Granger, M. Bussonnier, J. Frederic, K. Kelley, J. Hamrick, J. Grout, S. Corlay, P. Ivanov, D. Avila, S. Abdalla, C. Willing and (Jupyter Development Team Collaboration), in Jupyter Notebooks—A Publishing Format for Reproducible Computational Workflows, (IOS Press, 2016), pp. 87–90.
  215. A. Rohatgi, Webplotdigitizer: Version 4.6 (2022) https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 113, 103010– Published 6 May, 2026
  • Received 22 July 2025
  • Accepted 31 March 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation