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  • Letter
  • Open Access

Entanglement and Bell nonlocality with bottom-quark pairs at hadron colliders

Yoav Afik1,*, Yevgeny Kats2,†, Juan Ramón Muñoz de Nova3,‡, Abner Soffer4,§, and David Uzan2,∥

  • *Contact author: yoavafik@gmail.com
  • †Contact author: katsye@bgu.ac.il
  • ‡Contact author: jrmnova@fis.ucm.es
  • §Contact author: asoffer@tau.ac.il
  • ∥Contact author: daviduz@post.bgu.ac.il
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Phys. Rev. D 111, L111902 – Published 13 June, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/fhkc-kfhr

Abstract

It has been shown that entanglement and Bell nonlocality, which are key concepts in quantum mechanics, can be probed in high-energy colliders via processes of fundamental particle scattering. In fact, the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations have measured entanglement using top-quark pairs produced in proton-proton collisions at the LHC. Recently, it was shown that spin correlations can be measured in pairs of bottom quarks at the LHC, despite the fact that bottom quarks, unlike top quarks, hadronize before decaying. Here, we demonstrate that quantum correlations can also be studied using bottom-quark pairs, and analyze the feasibility of the observation of entanglement and Bell nonlocality in several collider experiments. Given the low mass of the bottom quark relative to typical energies accessible at the LHC, many of the bottom-quark pairs are in the ultrarelativistic regime, where they can exhibit strong spin entanglement. We find that entanglement of bottom-quark pairs may be measurable even with the LHC Run 2 data, especially with the CMS B parking dataset, while observation of Bell nonlocality may become feasible at the high-luminosity phase of the LHC.

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Phys. Rev. D 111, L111902– Published 13 June, 2025
  • Received 26 June 2024
  • Accepted 29 May 2025
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