Quadratic quasinormal modes at null infinity on a Schwarzschild spacetime
Phys. Rev. D 112, 044049 – Published 26 August, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/fbz4-qsvn
Abstract
The ringdown of perturbed black holes has been studied since the 1970s, but until recently, studies have focused on linear perturbations. There is now burgeoning interest in nonlinear perturbative effects during ringdown. Here, using a hyperboloidal framework, we provide a complete treatment of linear and quadratic quasinormal modes (QNMs and QQNMs) in second-order perturbation theory, in Schwarzschild spacetime. We include novel methods for extracting QNMs and QQNMs amplitudes using a Laplace transform treatment, allowing for the inclusion of arbitrary initial data. We produce both time- and frequency-domain codes. From these codes, we present new results further exploring the unforeseen dependence of QQNMs amplitudes on the parity of the progenitor system, as demonstrated in our letter [Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 061401 (2025).]. Our numerical results are restricted to perturbations of a Schwarzschild black hole, but our methods extend straightforwardly to the astrophysically realistic case of a Kerr black hole.
