Open Access

Cosmological implications of DESI DR2 BAO measurements in light of the latest ACT DR6 CMB data

C. Garcia-Quintero^1,*, H. E. Noriega^2,3, A. de Mattia⁴, A. Aviles², K. Lodha^5,6, D. Chebat⁴, J. Rohlf⁷, S. Nadathur⁸, W. Elbers⁹ et al. (DESI Collaboration)

W. Elbers⁹, J. Aguilar¹⁰, S. Ahlen⁷, O. Alves¹¹, U. Andrade^12,11, S. Bailey¹⁰, S. BenZvi¹³, D. Bianchi^14,15, D. Brooks¹⁶, E. Burtin⁴, R. Calderon¹⁷, A. Carnero Rosell^18,19, P. Carrilho²⁰, F. J. Castander^21,22, E. Chaussidon¹⁰, T. Claybaugh¹⁰, S. Cole⁹, A. Cuceu^10,*, R. de Belsunce¹⁰, A. de la Macorra³, N. Deiosso²³, J. Della Costa^24,25, Arjun Dey²⁵, Biprateep Dey^26,27, Z. Ding²⁸, P. Doel¹⁶, A. Font-Ribera²⁹, J. E. Forero-Romero^30,31, E. Gaztañaga^21,8,22, H. Gil-Marín^32,21,33, S. Gontcho A Gontcho¹⁰, G. Gutierrez³⁴, J. Guy¹⁰, C. Hahn³⁵, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar^36,4, K. Honscheid^37,38,39, C. Howlett⁴⁰, D. Huterer^41,11, M. Ishak⁴², S. Juneau²⁵, R. Kehoe⁴³, D. Kirkby⁴⁴, A. Kremin¹⁰, O. Lahav¹⁶, C. Lamman¹, M. Landriau¹⁰, L. Le Guillou⁴⁵, A. Leauthaud^46,47, M. E. Levi¹⁰, Q. Li⁴⁸, M. Manera^49,29, P. Martini^37,50,39, W. L. Matthewson⁵, A. Meisner²⁵, J. Mena-Fernández⁵¹, R. Miquel^52,29, J. Moustakas⁵³, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez³, J. A. Newman²⁷, G. Niz^54,55, E. Paillas^35,56, N. Palanque-Delabrouille^4,10, J. Pan¹¹, W. J. Percival^57,58,59, F. Prada⁶⁰, I. Pérez-Ràfols⁶¹, M. Rashkovetskyi¹, C. Ravoux⁶², A. J. Ross^37,50,39, G. Rossi⁶³, E. Sanchez²³, D. Schlegel¹⁰, M. Schubnell^41,11, H. Seo⁶⁴, A. Shafieloo^5,6, J. Silber¹⁰, D. Sprayberry²⁵, G. Tarlé¹¹, P. Taylor³⁹, M. Vargas-Magaña³, M. Walther^65,66, B. A. Weaver²⁵, C. Yèche⁴, P. Zarrouk⁴⁵, Z. Zhai⁶⁷, C. Zhao⁶⁸, and R. Zhou¹⁰ (DESI Collaboration)

¹Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
²Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C. P. 62210, México
³Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. de México C. P. 04510, México
⁴IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁵Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776, Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
⁶University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
⁷Physics Department, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
⁸Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Dennis Sciama Building, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
⁹Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
¹⁰Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
¹¹University of Michigan, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
¹²Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
¹³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, 206 Bausch and Lomb Hall, P.O. Box 270171, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA
¹⁴Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
¹⁵INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
¹⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
¹⁷CEICO, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
¹⁸Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹⁹Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea, s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
²⁰Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, United Kingdom
²¹Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c/Esteve Terradas 1, Edifici RDIT, Campus PMT-UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
²²Institute of Space Sciences, ICE-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
²³CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
²⁴Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA
²⁵NSF NOIRLab, 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
²⁶Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
²⁷Department of Physics & Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
²⁸University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, People’s Republic of China
²⁹Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Edifici Cn, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
³⁰Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, CP 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
³¹Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, CP 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
³²Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
³³Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
³⁴Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
³⁵Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
³⁶Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris. 98 bis boulevard Arago. 75014 Paris, France
³⁷Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
³⁸Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
³⁹The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, USA
⁴⁰School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
⁴¹Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
⁴²Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
⁴³Department of Physics, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
⁴⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
⁴⁵Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), FR-75005 Paris, France
⁴⁶Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, UCO/Lick Observatory, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
⁴⁷Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95065, USA
⁴⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Utah, 115 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
⁴⁹Departament de Física, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁵⁰Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 W 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
⁵¹Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, 53 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁵²Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
⁵³Department of Physics and Astronomy, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211, USA
⁵⁴Departamento de Física, DCI-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, León, Guanajuato C. P. 37150, México
⁵⁵Instituto Avanzado de Cosmología A. C., San Marcos 11 - Atenas 202. Magdalena Contreras. Ciudad de México C. P. 10720, México
⁵⁶Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejército Libertador 441, Santiago, Chile
⁵⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁵⁸Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁵⁹Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁶⁰Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía, s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
⁶¹Departament de Física, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Eduard Maristany 10, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
⁶²Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, LPCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
⁶³Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
⁶⁴Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ohio University, 139 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
⁶⁵Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstrasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
⁶⁶University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81677 München, Germany
⁶⁷Department of Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
⁶⁸Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100190

^*Contact author: cgarciaquintero@cfa.harvard.edu

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 083529 – Published 15 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/d6yc-xpqb

Abstract

We report cosmological results from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) when combined with recent data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). By jointly analyzing ACT and Planck data and applying conservative cuts to overlapping multipole ranges, we assess how different $P l a n c k + ACT$ dataset combinations affect consistency with DESI. While ACT alone exhibits a tension with DESI exceeding $3 σ$ within the $Λ CDM$ model, this discrepancy is reduced when ACT is analyzed in combination with Planck. For our baseline DESI DR2 $BAO + P l a n c k$ $P R 4 + ACT$ likelihood combination, the preference for evolving dark energy over a cosmological constant is about $3 σ$ , increasing to over $4 σ$ with the inclusion of type Ia supernova data. While the dark energy results remain quite consistent across various combinations of Planck and ACT likelihoods with those obtained by the DESI collaboration, the constraints on neutrino mass are more sensitive, ranging from $\sum m_{ν} < 0.061 eV$ in our baseline analysis, to $\sum m_{ν} < 0.077 eV$ (95% confidence level) in the CMB likelihood combination chosen by ACT when imposing the physical prior $\sum m_{ν} > 0 eV$ .

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 083529– Published 15 October, 2025

Vol. 112, Iss. 8 — 15 October 2025

Received 4 May 2025
Accepted 26 June 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/d6yc-xpqb

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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Cosmological implications of DESI DR2 BAO measurements in light of the latest ACT DR6 CMB data

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