- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Modeling matter in seobnrv5thm: Generating fast and accurate effective-one-body waveforms for spin-aligned binary neutron stars

Marcus Haberland1,*, Alessandra Buonanno1,2,†, and Jan Steinhoff1,‡

  • *Contact author: marcus.haberland@aei.mpg.de
  • †Contact author: alessandra.buonanno@aei.mpg.de
  • ‡Contact author: jan.steinhoff@aei.mpg.de
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 112, 084024 – Published 9 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/d3ns-h77x

Abstract

We present seobnrv5thm, an accurate and fast gravitational-waveform model for quasicircular, spinning, nonprecessing binary neutron stars (BNSs) within the effective-one-body (EOB) formalism. It builds on the binary–black-hole approximant seobnrv5hm and, compared to its predecessor seobnrv4t, it (i) incorporates recent high-order post-Newtonian results in the inspiral, including higher-order adiabatic tidal contributions, spin-induced multipoles and dynamical tides for spin-aligned neutron stars, (ii) includes the gravitational modes (ℓ,|m|)=(2,2),(3,3),(2,1),(4,4),(5,5),(3,2), and (4,3), (iii) has a time of merger calibrated to BNS numerical-relativity (NR) simulations, (iv) accurately models the premerger (2,2) mode through a novel phenomenological ansatz, and (v) is 100 to 1000 times faster than its predecessor model for BNS systems with total mass M≥2M⊙. Thus, seobnrv5thm can be used in Bayesian parameter estimation, which we perform for two BNS events observed by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration, GW170817 and GW190425. The model accurately reproduces bam and sacra NR waveforms with errors comparable to or lower than the intrinsic NR uncertainty. We validate the model against the other state-of-the-art BNS waveform models nrtidalv3 and teobresums and find differences only for highly spinning and highly tidally deformable BNSs, where there is no NR coverage and the models employ different spin prescriptions. Our model serves as a foundation for the development of subsequent seobnr waveform models with matter that incorporate further effects, such as spin precession and eccentricity, to be employed for upcoming observing runs of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration and future facilities on the ground.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (186)

  1. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 (2016).
  2. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GW170817: Observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017).
  3. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), GWTC-3: Compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the second part of the third observing run, Phys. Rev. X 13, 041039 (2023).
  4. R. Abbott et al. (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GWTC-2.1: Deep extended catalog of compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the first half of the third observing run, Phys. Rev. D 109, 022001 (2024).
  5. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, Fermi-GBM Collaboration, and INTEGRAL Collaboration), Gravitational waves and gamma-rays from a binary neutron star merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A, Astrophys. J. Lett. 848, L13 (2017).
  6. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo, Fermi GBM, INTEGRAL, IceCube, AstroSat Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager Team, IPN, Insight-Hxmt, ANTARES, Swift, AGILE Team, 1M2H Team, Dark Energy Camera GW-EM, DES, DLT40, GRAWITA, Fermi-LAT, ATCA, ASKAP, Las Cumbres Observatory Group, OzGrav, DWF (Deeper Wider Faster Program), AST3, CAASTRO, VINROUGE, MASTER, J-GEM, GROWTH, JAGWAR, CaltechNRAO, TTU-NRAO, NuSTAR, Pan-STARRS, MAXI Team, TZAC Consortium, KU, Nordic Optical Telescope, ePESSTO, GROND, Texas Tech University, SALT Group, TOROS, BOOTES, MWA, CALET, IKI-GW Follow-up, H.E.S.S., LOFAR, LWA, HAWC, Pierre Auger, ALMA, Euro VLBI Team, Pi of Sky, Chandra Team at McGill University, DFN, ATLAS Telescopes, High Time Resolution Universe Survey, RIMAS, RATIR, and SKA South Africa/MeerKAT Collaborations), Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger, Astrophys. J. Lett. 848, L12 (2017).
  7. A. G. Abac et al. (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration), Observation of gravitational waves from the coalescence of a 2.5–4.5m⊙ compact object and a neutron star, Astrophys. J. Lett. 970, L34 (2024).
  8. J. Veitch et al., Parameter estimation for compact binaries with ground-based gravitational-wave observations using the LALInference software library, Phys. Rev. D 91, 042003 (2015).
  9. E. Thrane and C. Talbot, An introduction to Bayesian inference in gravitational-wave astronomy: Parameter estimation, model selection, and hierarchical models, Pub. Astron. Soc. Aust. 36, e010 (2019); 37, e036(E) (2020).
  10. F. Iacovelli, M. Mancarella, S. Foffa, and M. Maggiore, Forecasting the detection capabilities of third-generation gravitational-wave detectors using gwfast, Astrophys. J. 941, 208 (2022).
  11. V. Kalogera et al., The next generation global gravitational wave observatory: The science book (2021).
  12. M. Punturo et al., The Einstein Telescope: A third-generation gravitational wave observatory, Classical Quantum Gravity 27, 194002 (2010).
  13. D. Reitze et al., Cosmic explorer: The U.S. contribution to gravitational-wave astronomy beyond LIGO, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51, 035 (2019).
  14. M. Evans et al., A horizon study for cosmic explorer: Science, observatories, and community, arXiv:2109.09882.
  15. A. Samajdar and T. Dietrich, Waveform systematics for binary neutron star gravitational wave signals: Effects of the point-particle baseline and tidal descriptions, Phys. Rev. D 98, 124030 (2018).
  16. R. Gamba, M. Breschi, S. Bernuzzi, M. Agathos, and A. Nagar, Waveform systematics in the gravitational-wave inference of tidal parameters and equation of state from binary neutron-star signals, Phys. Rev. D 103, 124015 (2021).
  17. N. Kunert, P. T. H. Pang, I. Tews, M. W. Coughlin, and T. Dietrich, Quantifying modeling uncertainties when combining multiple gravitational-wave detections from binary neutron star sources, Phys. Rev. D 105, L061301 (2022).
  18. N. Kunert, J. Gair, P. T. H. Pang, and T. Dietrich, Impact of gravitational waveform model systematics on the measurement of the Hubble constant, Phys. Rev. D 110, 043520 (2024).
  19. M. Dax, S. R. Green, J. Gair, J. H. Macke, A. Buonanno, and B. Schölkopf, Real-time gravitational wave science with neural posterior estimation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 241103 (2021).
  20. M. Dax, S. R. Green, J. Gair, M. Pürrer, J. Wildberger, J. H. Macke, A. Buonanno, and B. Schölkopf, Neural importance sampling for rapid and reliable gravitational-wave inference, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 171403 (2023).
  21. M. Dax, S. R. Green, J. Gair, N. Gupte, M. Pürrer, V. Raymond, J. Wildberger, J. H. Macke, A. Buonanno, and B. Schölkopf, Real-time gravitational-wave inference for binary neutron stars using machine learning, Nature (London) 639, 49 (2025).
  22. T. Dietrich, M. W. Coughlin, P. T. H. Pang, M. Bulla, J. Heinzel, L. Issa, I. Tews, and S. Antier, Multimessenger constraints on the neutron-star equation of state and the Hubble constant, Science 370, 1450 (2020).
  23. J. M. Lattimer, The nuclear equation of state and neutron star masses, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 62, 485 (2012).
  24. F. Özel and P. Freire, Masses, radii, and the equation of state of neutron stars, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 54, 401 (2016).
  25. S. A. Chin and J. D. Walecka, An equation of state for nuclear and higher-density matter based on a relativistic mean-field theory, Phys. Lett. 52B, 24 (1974).
  26. B. D. Serot and J. D. Walecka, Recent progress in quantum hadrodynamics, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 6, 515 (1997).
  27. S. Huth et al., Constraining neutron-star matter with microscopic and macroscopic collisions, Nature (London) 606, 276 (2022).
  28. M. G. Alford, L. Brodie, A. Haber, and I. Tews, Relativistic mean-field theories for neutron-star physics based on chiral effective field theory, Phys. Rev. C 106, 055804 (2022).
  29. J. M. Lattimer, Neutron stars and the nuclear matter equation of state, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 71, 433 (2021).
  30. G. F. Burgio, H. J. Schulze, I. Vidana, and J. B. Wei, Neutron stars and the nuclear equation of state, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 120, 103879 (2021).
  31. Z. Zhu, A. Li, J. Hu, and H. Shen, Equation of state of nuclear matter and neutron stars: Quark mean-field model versus relativistic mean-field model, Phys. Rev. C 108, 025809 (2023).
  32. E. E. Flanagan and T. Hinderer, Constraining neutron star tidal Love numbers with gravitational wave detectors, Phys. Rev. D 77, 021502 (2008).
  33. T. Hinderer, B. D. Lackey, R. N. Lang, and J. S. Read, Tidal deformability of neutron stars with realistic equations of state and their gravitational wave signatures in binary inspiral, Phys. Rev. D 81, 123016 (2010).
  34. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo Collaboration), Properties of the binary neutron star merger GW170817, Phys. Rev. X 9, 011001 (2019).
  35. B. P. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), GW190425: Observation of a compact binary coalescence with total mass ∼3.4M⊙, Astrophys. J. Lett. 892, L3 (2020).
  36. V. Morozova, D. Radice, A. Burrows, and D. Vartanyan, The gravitational wave signal from core-collapse supernovae, Astrophys. J. 861, 10 (2018).
  37. R. Abbott et al., Observation of gravitational waves from two neutron star–black hole coalescences, Astrophys. J. Lett. 915, L5 (2021).
  38. D. Choudhury, T. Salmi, S. Vinciguerra et al., A nicer view of the nearest and brightest millisecond pulsar: Psr j0437–4715, Astrophys. J. Lett. 971, L20 (2024).
  39. T. Hinderer, Tidal Love numbers of neutron stars, Astrophys. J. 677, 1216 (2008).
  40. M. Shibata, Effects of tidal resonances in coalescing compact binary systems, Prog. Theor. Phys. 91, 871 (1994).
  41. T. Hinderer et al., Effects of neutron-star dynamic tides on gravitational waveforms within the effective-one-body approach, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 181101 (2016).
  42. J. Steinhoff, T. Hinderer, A. Buonanno, and A. Taracchini, Dynamical tides in general relativity: Effective action and effective-one-body Hamiltonian, Phys. Rev. D 94, 104028 (2016).
  43. P. Schmidt and T. Hinderer, Frequency domain model of f-mode dynamic tides in gravitational waveforms from compact binary inspirals, Phys. Rev. D 100, 021501 (2019).
  44. N. Andersson and P. Pnigouras, The phenomenology of dynamical neutron star tides, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 503, 533 (2021).
  45. P. K. Gupta, J. Steinhoff, and T. Hinderer, Relativistic effective action of dynamical gravitomagnetic tides for slowly rotating neutron stars, Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 013147 (2021).
  46. J. Steinhoff, T. Hinderer, T. Dietrich, and F. Foucart, Spin effects on neutron star fundamental-mode dynamical tides: Phenomenology and comparison to numerical simulations, Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 033129 (2021).
  47. G. Pratten, P. Schmidt, and N. Williams, Impact of dynamical tides on the reconstruction of the neutron star equation of state, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 081102 (2022).
  48. H.-J. Kuan and K. D. Kokkotas, f-mode imprints on gravitational waves from coalescing binaries involving aligned spinning neutron stars, Phys. Rev. D 106, 064052 (2022).
  49. P. Pnigouras, F. Gittins, A. Nanda, N. Andersson, and D. I. Jones, Rotating Love: The dynamical tides of spinning Newtonian stars, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 527, 8409 (2024).
  50. M. K. Mandal, P. Mastrolia, H. O. Silva, R. Patil, and J. Steinhoff, Gravitoelectric dynamical tides at second post-Newtonian order, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2023) 067.
  51. M. K. Mandal, P. Mastrolia, H. O. Silva, R. Patil, and J. Steinhoff, Renormalizing Love: tidal effects at the third post-Newtonian order, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2024) 188.
  52. Q. Henry, S. Marsat, and M. Khalil, Spin contributions to the gravitational-waveform modes for spin-aligned binaries at the 3.5PN order, Phys. Rev. D 106, 124018 (2022).
  53. M. Khalil, A. Buonanno, H. Estelles, D. P. Mihaylov, S. Ossokine, L. Pompili, and A. Ramos-Buades, Theoretical groundwork supporting the precessing-spin two-body dynamics of the effective-one-body waveform models seobnrv5, Phys. Rev. D 108, 124036 (2023).
  54. T. Futamase and Y. Itoh, The post-Newtonian approximation for relativistic compact binaries, Living Rev. Relativity 10, 2 (2007).
  55. L. Blanchet, Gravitational radiation from post-Newtonian sources and inspiralling compact binaries, Living Rev. Relativity 17, 2 (2014).
  56. G. Schäfer and P. Jaranowski, Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity and post-Newtonian dynamics of compact binaries, Living Rev. Relativity 21, 7 (2018).
  57. M. Levi and J. Steinhoff, Spinning gravitating objects in the effective field theory in the post-Newtonian scheme, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2015) 219.
  58. R. A. Porto, The effective field theorist’s approach to gravitational dynamics, Phys. Rep. 633, 1 (2016).
  59. M. Levi, Effective field theories of post-Newtonian gravity: A comprehensive review, Rep. Prog. Phys. 83, 075901 (2020).
  60. S. Isoyama, R. Sturani, and H. Nakano, Post-Newtonian templates for gravitational waves from compact binary inspirals, arXiv:2012.01350.
  61. J. Vines, E. E. Flanagan, and T. Hinderer, Post-1-Newtonian tidal effects in the gravitational waveform from binary inspirals, Phys. Rev. D 83, 084051 (2011).
  62. T. Damour, A. Nagar, and L. Villain, Measurability of the tidal polarizability of neutron stars in late-inspiral gravitational-wave signals, Phys. Rev. D 85, 123007 (2012).
  63. Q. Henry, G. Faye, and L. Blanchet, Tidal effects in the gravitational-wave phase evolution of compact binary systems to next-to-next-to-leading post-Newtonian order, Phys. Rev. D 102, 044033 (2020).
  64. T. Narikawa, Multipole tidal effects in the gravitational-wave phases of compact binary coalescences, Phys. Rev. D 108, 063029 (2023).
  65. M. K. Mandal, P. Mastrolia, R. Patil, and J. Steinhoff, Radiating love: Adiabatic tidal fluxes and modes up to next-to-next-to-leading post-newtonian order, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2025) 008.
  66. E. Dones, Q. Henry, and L. Bernard, Tidal contributions to the full gravitational waveform to the second-and-a-half post-newtonian order, Phys. Rev. D 111, 084043 (2025).
  67. F. Messina, R. Dudi, A. Nagar, and S. Bernuzzi, Quasi-5.5pn taylorf2 approximant for compact binaries: Point-mass phasing and impact on the tidal polarizability inference, Phys. Rev. D 99, 124051 (2019).
  68. S. Bernuzzi and T. Dietrich, Gravitational waveforms from binary neutron star mergers with high-order weighted-essentially-nonoscillatory schemes in numerical relativity, Phys. Rev. D 94, 064062 (2016).
  69. T. Dietrich, T. Hinderer, and A. Samajdar, Interpreting binary neutron star mergers: describing the binary neutron star dynamics, modelling gravitational waveforms, and analyzing detections, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 53, 27 (2021).
  70. K. Kawaguchi, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, M. Shibata, and K. Taniguchi, Frequency-domain gravitational waveform models for inspiraling binary neutron stars, Phys. Rev. D 97, 044044 (2018).
  71. K. Kiuchi, K. Kawaguchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Sub-radian-accuracy gravitational waves from coalescing binary neutron stars in numerical relativity. II. Systematic study on the equation of state, binary mass, and mass ratio, Phys. Rev. D 101, 084006 (2020).
  72. F. Foucart et al., Gravitational waveforms from spectral Einstein code simulations: Neutron star-neutron star and low-mass black hole-neutron star binaries, Phys. Rev. D 99, 044008 (2019).
  73. T. Dietrich, D. Radice, S. Bernuzzi, F. Zappa, A. Perego, B. Brügmann, S. V. Chaurasia, R. Dudi, W. Tichy, and M. Ujevic, CoRe database of binary neutron star merger waveforms, Classical Quantum Gravity 35, 24LT01 (2018).
  74. M. Ujevic, A. Rashti, H. Gieg, W. Tichy, and T. Dietrich, High-accuracy high-mass-ratio simulations for binary neutron stars and their comparison to existing waveform models, Phys. Rev. D 106, 023029 (2022).
  75. A. Gonzalez et al., Second release of the CoRe database of binary neutron star merger waveforms, Classical Quantum Gravity 40, 085011 (2023).
  76. K. Kiuchi, L. E. Held, Y. Sekiguchi, and M. Shibata, Implementation of advanced Riemann solvers in a neutrino-radiation magnetohydrodynamics code in numerical relativity and its application to a binary neutron star merger, Phys. Rev. D 106, 124041 (2022).
  77. A. Neuweiler, T. Dietrich, B. Brügmann, E. Giangrandi, K. Kiuchi, F. Schianchi, P. Mösta, S. Shankar, B. Giacomazzo, and M. Shibata, General relativistic magneto-hydrodynamic simulations with BAM: Implementation and code comparison, Phys. Rev. D 110, 084046 (2024).
  78. J. Fields, A. Prakash, M. Breschi, D. Radice, S. Bernuzzi, and A. d. S. Schneider, Thermal effects in binary neutron star mergers, Astrophys. J. Lett. 952, L36 (2023).
  79. F. Gittins, R. Matur, N. Andersson, and I. Hawke, Problematic systematics in neutron-star merger simulations, Phys. Rev. D 111, 023049 (2025).
  80. A. Buonanno and T. Damour, Effective one-body approach to general relativistic two-body dynamics, Phys. Rev. D 59, 084006 (1999).
  81. A. Buonanno and T. Damour, Transition from inspiral to plunge in binary black hole coalescences, Phys. Rev. D 62, 064015 (2000).
  82. A. Buonanno, G. B. Cook, and F. Pretorius, Inspiral, merger and ring-down of equal-mass black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 75, 124018 (2007).
  83. T. Damour, P. Jaranowski, and G. Schaefer, On the determination of the last stable orbit for circular general relativistic binaries at the third postNewtonian approximation, Phys. Rev. D 62, 084011 (2000).
  84. T. Damour, Coalescence of two spinning black holes: An effective one-body approach, Phys. Rev. D 64, 124013 (2001).
  85. A. Buonanno, Y. Chen, and T. Damour, Transition from inspiral to plunge in precessing binaries of spinning black holes, Phys. Rev. D 74, 104005 (2006).
  86. A. Buonanno, Y. Pan, J. G. Baker, J. Centrella, B. J. Kelly, S. T. McWilliams, and J. R. van Meter, Toward faithful templates for non-spinning binary black holes using the effective-one-body approach, Phys. Rev. D 76, 104049 (2007).
  87. T. Damour and A. Nagar, Comparing effective-one-body gravitational waveforms to accurate numerical data, Phys. Rev. D 77, 024043 (2008).
  88. T. Damour, B. R. Iyer, and A. Nagar, Improved resummation of post-Newtonian multipolar waveforms from circularized compact binaries, Phys. Rev. D 79, 064004 (2009).
  89. A. Buonanno, Y. Pan, H. P. Pfeiffer, M. A. Scheel, L. T. Buchman, and L. E. Kidder, Effective-one-body waveforms calibrated to numerical relativity simulations: Coalescence of non-spinning, equal-mass black holes, Phys. Rev. D 79, 124028 (2009).
  90. Y. Pan, A. Buonanno, M. Boyle, L. T. Buchman, L. E. Kidder, H. P. Pfeiffer, and M. A. Scheel, Inspiral-merger-ringdown multipolar waveforms of nonspinning black-hole binaries using the effective-one-body formalism, Phys. Rev. D 84, 124052 (2011).
  91. T. Damour, A. Nagar, and S. Bernuzzi, Improved effective-one-body description of coalescing nonspinning black-hole binaries and its numerical-relativity completion, Phys. Rev. D 87, 084035 (2013).
  92. T. Damour, P. Jaranowski, and G. Schäfer, Fourth post-Newtonian effective one-body dynamics, Phys. Rev. D 91, 084024 (2015).
  93. A. Nagar, G. Pratten, G. Riemenschneider, and R. Gamba, Multipolar effective one body model for nonspinning black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 101, 024041 (2020).
  94. T. Damour, A. Nagar, E. N. Dorband, D. Pollney, and L. Rezzolla, Faithful effective-one-body waveforms of equal-mass coalescing black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 77, 084017 (2008).
  95. T. Damour, P. Jaranowski, and G. Schaefer, Effective one body approach to the dynamics of two spinning black holes with next-to-leading order spin-orbit coupling, Phys. Rev. D 78, 024009 (2008).
  96. Y. Pan, A. Buonanno, L. T. Buchman, T. Chu, L. E. Kidder, H. P. Pfeiffer, and M. A. Scheel, Effective-one-body waveforms calibrated to numerical relativity simulations: coalescence of non-precessing, spinning, equal-mass black holes, Phys. Rev. D 81, 084041 (2010).
  97. T. Damour, A. Nagar, M. Hannam, S. Husa, and B. Bruegmann, Accurate effective-one-body waveforms of inspiralling and coalescing black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 78, 044039 (2008).
  98. E. Barausse and A. Buonanno, An improved effective-one-body Hamiltonian for spinning black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 81, 084024 (2010).
  99. E. Barausse and A. Buonanno, Extending the effective-one-body Hamiltonian of black-hole binaries to include next-to-next-to-leading spin-orbit couplings, Phys. Rev. D 84, 104027 (2011).
  100. A. Nagar, Effective one body Hamiltonian of two spinning black-holes with next-to-next-to-leading order spin-orbit coupling, Phys. Rev. D 84, 084028 (2011); 88, 089901(E) (2013).
  101. T. Damour and A. Nagar, New effective-one-body description of coalescing nonprecessing spinning black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 90, 044018 (2014).
  102. S. Balmelli and T. Damour, New effective-one-body Hamiltonian with next-to-leading order spin-spin coupling, Phys. Rev. D 92, 124022 (2015).
  103. M. Khalil, J. Steinhoff, J. Vines, and A. Buonanno, Fourth post-Newtonian effective-one-body Hamiltonians with generic spins, Phys. Rev. D 101, 104034 (2020).
  104. A. Taracchini, Y. Pan, A. Buonanno, E. Barausse, M. Boyle, T. Chu, G. Lovelace, H. P. Pfeiffer, and M. A. Scheel, Prototype effective-one-body model for nonprecessing spinning inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms, Phys. Rev. D 86, 024011 (2012).
  105. A. Taracchini et al., Effective-one-body model for black-hole binaries with generic mass ratios and spins, Phys. Rev. D 89, 061502 (2014).
  106. A. Bohé et al., Improved effective-one-body model of spinning, nonprecessing binary black holes for the era of gravitational-wave astrophysics with advanced detectors, Phys. Rev. D 95, 044028 (2017).
  107. R. Cotesta, A. Buonanno, A. Bohé, A. Taracchini, I. Hinder, and S. Ossokine, Enriching the symphony of gravitational waves from binary black holes by tuning higher harmonics, Phys. Rev. D 98, 084028 (2018).
  108. Y. Pan, A. Buonanno, A. Taracchini, L. E. Kidder, A. H. Mroué, H. P. Pfeiffer, M. A. Scheel, and B. Szilágyi, Inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms of spinning, precessing black-hole binaries in the effective-one-body formalism, Phys. Rev. D 89, 084006 (2014).
  109. S. Babak, A. Taracchini, and A. Buonanno, Validating the effective-one-body model of spinning, precessing binary black holes against numerical relativity, Phys. Rev. D 95, 024010 (2017).
  110. S. Ossokine et al., Multipolar effective-one-body waveforms for precessing binary black holes: Construction and validation, Phys. Rev. D 102, 044055 (2020).
  111. A. Nagar, F. Messina, P. Rettegno, D. Bini, T. Damour, A. Geralico, S. Akcay, and S. Bernuzzi, Nonlinear-in-spin effects in effective-one-body waveform models of spin-aligned, inspiralling, neutron star binaries, Phys. Rev. D 99, 044007 (2019).
  112. A. Nagar et al., Time-domain effective-one-body gravitational waveforms for coalescing compact binaries with nonprecessing spins, tides and self-spin effects, Phys. Rev. D 98, 104052 (2018).
  113. S. Akcay, R. Gamba, and S. Bernuzzi, Hybrid post-Newtonian effective-one-body scheme for spin-precessing compact-binary waveforms up to merger, Phys. Rev. D 103, 024014 (2021).
  114. R. Gamba, S. Akçay, S. Bernuzzi, and J. Williams, Effective-one-body waveforms for precessing coalescing compact binaries with post-Newtonian twist, Phys. Rev. D 106, 024020 (2022).
  115. L. Pompili, A. Buonanno, H. Estellés, M. Khalil, M. van de Meent, D. Mihaylov, S. Ossokine, M. Pürrer, A. Ramos-Buades et al., Laying the foundation of the effective-one-body waveform models seobnrv5: Improved accuracy and efficiency for spinning nonprecessing binary black holes, Phys. Rev. D 108, 124035 (2023).
  116. D. Bini and T. Damour, Gravitational radiation reaction along general orbits in the effective one-body formalism, Phys. Rev. D 86, 124012 (2012).
  117. T. Hinderer and S. Babak, Foundations of an effective-one-body model for coalescing binaries on eccentric orbits, Phys. Rev. D 96, 104048 (2017).
  118. D. Chiaramello and A. Nagar, Faithful analytical effective-one-body waveform model for spin-aligned, moderately eccentric, coalescing black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 101, 101501 (2020).
  119. A. Nagar, A. Bonino, and P. Rettegno, Effective one-body multipolar waveform model for spin-aligned, quasicircular, eccentric, hyperbolic black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 103, 104021 (2021).
  120. M. Khalil, A. Buonanno, J. Steinhoff, and J. Vines, Radiation-reaction force and multipolar waveforms for eccentric, spin-aligned binaries in the effective-one-body formalism, Phys. Rev. D 104, 024046 (2021).
  121. A. Ramos-Buades, A. Buonanno, M. Khalil, and S. Ossokine, Effective-one-body multipolar waveforms for eccentric binary black holes with nonprecessing spins, Phys. Rev. D 105, 044035 (2022).
  122. S. Albanesi, A. Placidi, A. Nagar, M. Orselli, and S. Bernuzzi, New avenue for accurate analytical waveforms and fluxes for eccentric compact binaries, Phys. Rev. D 105, L121503 (2022).
  123. A. Gamboa, A. Buonanno, R. Enficiaud, M. Khalil, A. Ramos-Buades, L. Pompili, H. Estellés, M. Boyle, L. E. Kidder, H. P. Pfeiffer, H. R. Rüter, and M. A. Scheel, Accurate waveforms for eccentric, aligned-spin binary black holes: The multipolar effective-one-body model seobnrv5ehm, Phys. Rev. D 112, 044038 (2025).
  124. A. Nagar, P. Rettegno, R. Gamba, and S. Bernuzzi, Effective-one-body waveforms from dynamical captures in black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 103, 064013 (2021).
  125. T. Andrade, J. Trenado, S. Albanesi, R. Gamba, S. Bernuzzi, A. Nagar, J. Calderon-Bustillo, N. Sanchis-Gual, J. A. Font, W. Cook, B. Daszuta, F. Zappa, and D. Radice, Towards numerical-relativity informed effective-one-body waveforms for dynamical capture black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 109, 084025 (2024).
  126. S. Albanesi, A. Rashti, F. Zappa, R. Gamba, W. Cook, B. Daszuta, S. Bernuzzi, A. Nagar, and D. Radice, Scattering and dynamical capture of two black holes: Synergies between numerical and analytical methods, Phys. Rev. D 111, 024069 (2025).
  127. S. Albanesi, R. Gamba, S. Bernuzzi, J. Fontbuté, A. Gonzalez, and A. Nagar, Effective-one-body modeling for generic compact binaries with arbitrary orbits, arXiv:2503.14580.
  128. R. Cotesta, S. Marsat, and M. Pürrer, Frequency domain reduced order model of aligned-spin effective-one-body waveforms with higher-order modes, Phys. Rev. D 101, 124040 (2020).
  129. D. P. Mihaylov, S. Ossokine, A. Buonanno, and A. Ghosh, Fast post-adiabatic waveforms in the time domain: Applications to compact binary coalescences in LIGO and Virgo, Phys. Rev. D 104, 124087 (2021).
  130. A. Nagar, G. Riemenschneider, G. Pratten, P. Rettegno, and F. Messina, Multipolar effective one body waveform model for spin-aligned black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 102, 024077 (2020).
  131. G. Riemenschneider, P. Rettegno, M. Breschi, A. Albertini, R. Gamba, S. Bernuzzi, and A. Nagar, Assessment of consistent next-to-quasicircular corrections and postadiabatic approximation in effective-one-body multipolar waveforms for binary black hole coalescences, Phys. Rev. D 104, 104045 (2021).
  132. S. Bernuzzi, A. Nagar, T. Dietrich, and T. Damour, Modeling the dynamics of tidally interacting binary neutron stars up to the merger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 161103 (2015).
  133. S. Akcay, S. Bernuzzi, F. Messina, A. Nagar, N. Ortiz, and P. Rettegno, Effective-one-body multipolar waveform for tidally interacting binary neutron stars up to merger, Phys. Rev. D 99, 044051 (2019).
  134. A. Gonzalez, R. Gamba, M. Breschi, F. Zappa, G. Carullo, S. Bernuzzi, and A. Nagar, Numerical-relativity-informed effective-one-body model for black-hole-neutron-star mergers with higher modes and spin precession, Phys. Rev. D 107, 084026 (2023).
  135. R. Gamba et al., Analytically improved and numerical-relativity informed effective-one-body model for coalescing binary neutron stars, arXiv:2307.15125.
  136. B. D. Lackey, S. Bernuzzi, C. R. Galley, J. Meidam, and C. Van Den Broeck, Effective-one-body waveforms for binary neutron stars using surrogate models, Phys. Rev. D 95, 104036 (2017).
  137. B. D. Lackey, M. Pürrer, A. Taracchini, and S. Marsat, Surrogate model for an aligned-spin effective one body waveform model of binary neutron star inspirals using Gaussian process regression, Phys. Rev. D 100, 024002 (2019).
  138. A. Nagar and P. Rettegno, Efficient effective one body time-domain gravitational waveforms, Phys. Rev. D 99, 021501 (2019).
  139. J. Tissino, G. Carullo, M. Breschi, R. Gamba, S. Schmidt, and S. Bernuzzi, Combining effective-one-body accuracy and reduced-order-quadrature speed for binary neutron star merger parameter estimation with machine learning, Phys. Rev. D 107, 084037 (2023).
  140. R. Gamba, S. Bernuzzi, and A. Nagar, Fast, faithful, frequency-domain effective-one-body waveforms for compact binary coalescences, Phys. Rev. D 104, 084058 (2021).
  141. P. Ajith et al., Inspiral-merger-ringdown waveforms for black-hole binaries with non-precessing spins, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 241101 (2011).
  142. L. Santamaria et al., Matching post-Newtonian and numerical relativity waveforms: Systematic errors and a new phenomenological model for non-precessing black hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 82, 064016 (2010).
  143. T. Dietrich, S. Bernuzzi, and W. Tichy, Closed-form tidal approximants for binary neutron star gravitational waveforms constructed from high-resolution numerical relativity simulations, Phys. Rev. D 96, 121501 (2017).
  144. T. Dietrich, A. Samajdar, S. Khan, N. K. Johnson-McDaniel, R. Dudi, and W. Tichy, Improving the NRTidal model for binary neutron star systems, Phys. Rev. D 100, 044003 (2019).
  145. A. Abac, T. Dietrich, A. Buonanno, J. Steinhoff, and M. Ujevic, New and robust gravitational-waveform model for high-mass-ratio binary neutron star systems with dynamical tidal effects, Phys. Rev. D 109, 024062 (2024).
  146. K. Kiuchi, K. Kawaguchi, K. Kyutoku, Y. Sekiguchi, M. Shibata, and K. Taniguchi, Sub-radian-accuracy gravitational waveforms of coalescing binary neutron stars in numerical relativity, Phys. Rev. D 96, 084060 (2017).
  147. D. Bini, T. Damour, and G. Faye, Effective action approach to higher-order relativistic tidal interactions in binary systems and their effective one body description, Phys. Rev. D 85, 124034 (2012).
  148. K. Yagi, K. Kyutoku, G. Pappas, N. Yunes, and T. A. Apostolatos, Effective no-hair relations for neutron stars and quark stars: Relativistic results, Phys. Rev. D 89, 124013 (2014).
  149. K. Yagi and N. Yunes, Approximate universal relations for neutron stars and quark stars, Phys. Rep. 681, 1 (2017).
  150. C. J. Krüger and K. D. Kokkotas, Fast rotating relativistic stars: Spectra and stability without approximation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 111106 (2020).
  151. H. Sotani and B. Kumar, Universal relations between the quasinormal modes of neutron star and tidal deformability, Phys. Rev. D 104, 123002 (2021).
  152. C. J. Krüger and S. H. Völkel, Rapidly rotating neutron stars: Universal relations and EOS inference, Phys. Rev. D 108, 124056 (2023).
  153. S. Chandrasekhar, Solutions of two problems in the theory of gravitational radiation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 611 (1970).
  154. J. L. Friedman and B. F. Schutz, Gravitational radiation instability in rotating stars, Astrophys. J. Lett. 199, L157 (1975).
  155. N. Andersson, Gravitational waves from instabilities in relativistic stars, Classical Quantum Gravity 20, R105 (2003).
  156. V. Paschalidis and N. Stergioulas, Rotating stars in relativity, Living Rev. Relativity 20, 7 (2017).
  157. J. W. T. Hessels, S. M. Ransom, I. H. Stairs, P. C. C. Freire, V. M. Kaspi, and F. Camilo, A radio pulsar spinning at 716 Hz, Science 311, 1901 (2006).
  158. A. B. Nielsen, On the distribution of stellar-sized black hole spins, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 716, 012002 (2016).
  159. H. Yu, P. Arras, and N. N. Weinberg, Dynamical tides during the inspiral of rapidly spinning neutron stars: Solutions beyond mode resonance, Phys. Rev. D 110, 024039 (2024).
  160. H. Yu and S. Y. Lau, Effective-one-body model for coalescing binary neutron stars: Incorporating tidal spin and enhanced radiation from dynamical tides, Phys. Rev. D 111, 084029 (2025).
  161. R. Gamba and S. Bernuzzi, Resonant tides in binary neutron star mergers: Analytical-numerical relativity study, Phys. Rev. D 107, 044014 (2023).
  162. H.-J. Kuan, K. Kiuchi, and M. Shibata, Tidal resonance in binary neutron star inspirals: A high-precision study in numerical relativity, arXiv:2411.16850.
  163. T. Damour and A. Nagar, Faithful effective-one-body waveforms of small-mass-ratio coalescing black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 76, 064028 (2007).
  164. Y. Pan, A. Buonanno, R. Fujita, E. Racine, and H. Tagoshi, Post-Newtonian factorized multipolar waveforms for spinning, non-precessing black-hole binaries, Phys. Rev. D 83, 064003 (2011); 87, 109901(E) (2013).
  165. T. Dietrich and T. Hinderer, Comprehensive comparison of numerical relativity and effective-one-body results to inform improvements in waveform models for binary neutron star systems, Phys. Rev. D 95, 124006 (2017).
  166. J. M. Bardeen, W. H. Press, and S. A. Teukolsky, Rotating black holes: Locally nonrotating frames, energy extraction, and scalar synchrotron radiation, Astrophys. J. 178, 347 (1972).
  167. X. Jiménez-Forteza, D. Keitel, S. Husa, M. Hannam, S. Khan, and M. Pürrer, Hierarchical data-driven approach to fitting numerical relativity data for nonprecessing binary black holes with an application to final spin and radiated energy, Phys. Rev. D 95, 064024 (2017).
  168. F. Hofmann, E. Barausse, and L. Rezzolla, The final spin from binary black holes in quasi-circular orbits, Astrophys. J. Lett. 825, L19 (2016).
  169. M. Breschi, S. Bernuzzi, K. Chakravarti, A. Camilletti, A. Prakash, and A. Perego, Kilohertz gravitational waves from binary neutron star mergers: Numerical-relativity informed postmerger model, Phys. Rev. D 109, 064009 (2024).
  170. P. Rettegno, F. Martinetti, A. Nagar, D. Bini, G. Riemenschneider, and T. Damour, Comparing effective one body Hamiltonians for spin-aligned coalescing binaries, Phys. Rev. D 101, 104027 (2020).
  171. S. Vinciguerra, J. Veitch, and I. Mandel, Accelerating gravitational wave parameter estimation with multi-band template interpolation, Classical Quantum Gravity 34, 115006 (2017).
  172. G. Ashton, M. Hübner, P. D. Lasky et al., Bilby: A user-friendly bayesian inference library for gravitational-wave astronomy, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 241, 27 (2019).
  173. S. Bernuzzi, T. Dietrich, and A. Nagar, Modeling the complete gravitational wave spectrum of neutron star mergers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 091101 (2015).
  174. L. Barsotti, P. Fritschel, M. Evans, and S. Gras (LIGO Collaboration), Updated advanced LIGO sensitivity design curve, LIGO Document Report No. T1800044-v5, 2018.
  175. K.-W. Lo and L.-M. Lin, The spin parameter of uniformly rotating compact stars, Astrophys. J. 728, 12 (2011).
  176. C. L. Rodriguez, M. Morscher, B. Pattabiraman, S. Chatterjee, C.-J. Haster, and F. A. Rasio, Binary black hole mergers from globular clusters: Implications for Advanced LIGO, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 051101 (2015).
  177. R. J. E. Smith, G. Ashton, A. Vajpeyi, and C. Talbot, Massively parallel Bayesian inference for transient gravitational-wave astronomy, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 498, 4492 (2020).
  178. J. S. Speagle, dynesty: A dynamic nested sampling package for estimating Bayesian posteriors and evidences, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 493, 3132 (2020).
  179. I. M. Romero-Shaw et al., Bayesian inference for compact binary coalescences with bilby: Validation and application to the first LIGO–Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalogue, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 499, 3295 (2020).
  180. G. Ashton and T. Dietrich, The use of hypermodels to understand binary neutron star collisions, Nat. Astron. 6, 961 (2022).
  181. R. Abbott et al., Open data from the third observing run of LIGO, Virgo, Kagra, and GEO, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 267, 29 (2023).
  182. L. Dai, T. Venumadhav, and B. Zackay, Parameter estimation for GW170817 using relative binning, arXiv:1806.08793.
  183. T. Narikawa, N. Uchikata, K. Kawaguchi, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, M. Shibata, and H. Tagoshi, Discrepancy in tidal deformability of GW170817 between the Advanced LIGO twin detectors, Phys. Rev. Res. 1, 033055 (2019).
  184. R. Gamba, D. Chiaramello, and S. Neogi, Towards efficient effective one body models for generic, non-planar orbits, Phys. Rev. D 110, 024031 (2024).
  185. I. Markin, A. Neuweiler, A. Abac, S. V. Chaurasia, M. Ujevic, M. Bulla, and T. Dietrich, General-relativistic hydrodynamics simulation of a neutron star—sub-solar-mass black hole merger, Phys. Rev. D 108, 064025 (2023).
  186. R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, KAGRA Collaboration, and VIRGO Collaboration), Observation of gravitational waves from two neutron star–black hole coalescences, Astrophys. J. Lett. 915, L5 (2021).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, 084024– Published 9 October, 2025
  • Received 31 March 2025
  • Accepted 8 September 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by the Max Planck Society.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation